1314621|Both proteins are the result of alternative splicing of the product of the agrin gene, but unlike agrin, they are inactive in standard acetylcholine receptor aggregation assays.
1316612|The positions of these sites correlate with RNA splice sites, indicating that the molecular diversity of the transcripts is a result of alternative splicing.
1322293|Two alternatively spliced products of the human E2A gene, E12 and E47, encode helix-loop-helix DNA-binding proteins.
1334485|"Two isoforms of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor generated by alternative splicing have indistinguishable functional properties."
1334485|The second one, named TRH-R(387), contains a 52-base pair deletion, which yields a new variant of the receptor protein 25 amino acid shorter and which contains 12 new residues on its carboxyl terminus.
1334485|This new isoform is produced by alternative splicing of a retained intron in the primary transcript of a gene represented only once in the rat genome.
1339307|We isolated cDNAs encoding two forms of SAP-1 protein, SAP-1a and SAP-1b, which differ at their C termini.
1339311|The transcription pattern reveals that alternative mRNA processing governs the number of zinc fingers in the resulting tra-1 protein.
1339440|mRNA and protein variants of the alpha 3 chain generated by alternative splicing of an additional 5-end exon."
1339440|The human alpha 3(VI) chain that contributes most of the amino-terminal globule appears heterogeneous in size as a result of alternative splicing of two exons (Stokes D. G., Saitta, B., Timpl, R., and Chu, M.-L. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 8626-8633).
1339440|Polymerase chain reaction, Northern blotting, and RNase protection assays demonstrate that exon A9/N10 is subject to alternative splicing in normal and tumor cell lines and that this generates more protein variants of the alpha 3(VI) chain than expected before.
1352681|"Structures and properties of seven isoforms of the NMDA receptor generated by alternative splicing."
1352681|We here report the existence of 6 additional isoforms of the NMDA receptor generated via alternative splicing by molecular analysis of cDNA clones isolated from a rat forebrain cDNA library.
1352681|These isoforms possess the structures with an insertion at the extracellular amino-terminal region or deletions at two different extracellular carboxyl-terminal regions, or those formed by combinations of the above insertion and deletions.
1353463|"Expression of the LH/CG receptor gene in rat ovarian tissue is regulated by an extensive alternative splicing of the primary transcript."
1353463|It could be predicted from the nucleotide sequences that the clone rLHR2100 encoded a full-length receptor (a 674 amino acid mature protein), the clone rLHR2075 lacked part of exon IX (nucleotides 693-717) and encoded a truncated 225 amino acid mature protein, the clone rLHR1950 lacked exons III and IV (nucleotides 246-395) and encoded a nearly full-length protein (a 624 amino acid mature protein), and the clones rLHR1834 and rLHR1759 lacked the same part of exon XI (nucleotides 960-1225), with exon V (nucleotides 396-470) also absent in the latter, the deletion in exon XI leading both these clones to premature termination.
1353463|The sequence data suggest that all of these isoforms contain the putative signal sequence and are derived from a single copy gene via alternative splicing.
1353463|These results point further to the fact that the expression of the 90 kDa LH/CG receptor is regulated via an extensive alternative splicing of the receptor gene primary transcript.
1372245|"Alternatively spliced transcripts of the Drosophila tramtrack gene encode zinc finger proteins with distinct DNA binding specificities."
1372245|Both proteins were shown to be encoded by the ttk gene through alternative splicing, providing the first example of the use of this mechanism to generate related proteins with distinct DNA binding specificities.
1385406|Comparison of the individual mouse brain class C (mbC) cDNA sequences indicated the presence of four regions within the alpha 1 subunit coding sequence where alternative splicing can take place in mouse brain and raise the possibility that combinatorial arrangement of these splice variants could give rise to a heterogenous class of mbC transcripts.
1386026|"Combinatorial RNA splicing alters the surface charge on the NMDA receptor."
1386026|Transcripts encoding four NMDA receptor subunits, generated from the NMDAR1 gene by alternative RNA splicing, have been demonstrated in adult rat brain.
1386026|The two amino acid cassettes of 21 and 37 amino acids found in the splice variants increase the positive extracellular surface charge on the subunits and may thereby modulate the functional properties of the receptor.
1420178|The neuron-specific tau transcript undergoes complex alternative splicing.
1420178|The restriction analysis and partial sequencing of the gene shows that it contains (1) four alternatively spliced exons previously described in rodent and bovine but not in human tau cDNAs and (2) two CpG islands, one associated with the promoter region, the other with exon 9.
1420368|"The two splice variants of collagen XII share a common 5' end."
1420368|The short splice variant of collagen XII is composed of 1960 amino acid residues.
1420368|This polypeptide contains the same signal peptide and the same carboxy-terminus as the long splice variant, but lacks an internal fragment of 1164 amino acid residues.
1420368|Thus, the two variants of collagen XII are not created by the use of two different transcription initiation sites as generally assumed, but result from the inclusion or skipping of several exons located within the collagen XII gene.
1423619|It is now shown that the cactus locus produces two proteins that differ at their carboxy termini; both contain six cdc 10/SW16 repeats that are sufficient for binding to dorsal and for inhibiting the ability of dorsal to bind DNA.
1429838|Examination of multiple cDNAs reveals that transcripts are alternatively spliced and encode at least three protein isoforms; in addition, a fourth isoform is detected on Western blots.
1438218|"Alternative splicing generates metabotropic glutamate receptors inducing different patterns of calcium release in Xenopus oocytes."
1438218|A splice variant of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1a, named mGluR1c, was isolated.
1438218|In situ hybridization data show that mGluR1c mRNA is expressed at a lower level than the other splice variants of mGluR1.
1445358|"Alternative splicing of the mouse amelogenin primary RNA transcript contributes to amelogenin heterogeneity."
1445358|To investigate the one gene--multiple protein enigma, we designed a study to distinguish between alternative splicing and proteolytic cleavage models.
1445358|A pulse of [35S]methionine labeling demonstrated that multiple amelogenins are synthesized concurrently, a result consistent with an alternative splicing mechanism.
1445358|Four additional cDNAs derived from alternatively spliced amelogenin mRNAs have been cloned and characterized.
1448112|Previous studies demonstrated that alternative splicing results in the production of bifunctional PAM proteins that are integral membrane or soluble proteins as well as soluble monofunctional PHM proteins.
1448112|Alternative splicing in the PHM region can result in a truncated, inactive PHM protein (rPAM-5), or a soluble, monofunctional PHM protein (rPAM-4) instead of a bifunctional protein.
1448112|The exons encoding PAL range in size from 54-209 base pairs and have not been found to undergo alternative splicing.
1448112|The PHM and PAL domains are separated by a single alternatively spliced exon surrounded by lengthy introns; inclusion of this exon results in the production of a form of PAM (rPAM-1) in which endoproteolytic cleavage at a paired basic site can separate the two catalytic domains.
1448112|The exon following the PAL domain encodes the trans-membrane domain of PAM; alternative splicing at this site produces integral membrane or soluble PAM proteins.
1448112|The COOH-terminal domain of PAM is comprised of a short exon subject to alternative splicing and a long exon encoding the final 68 amino acids present in all bifunctional PAM proteins along with the entire 3'-untranslated region.
1465456|"Genomic structure of DNA encoding the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 reveals at least 12 alternatively spliced exons."
1465456|The CD44 molecule is known to display extensive size heterogeneity, which has been attributed both to alternative splicing and to differential glycosylation within the extracellular domain.
1465456|Although the presence of several alternative exons has been partly inferred from cDNA sequencing, the precise intron-exon organization of the CD44 gene has not been described to date to our knowledge.
1465456|We have identified 10 alternatively spliced exons within the extracellular domain, including 1 exon that has not been previously reported.
1465456|In addition to the inclusion or exclusion of whole exons, more diversity is generated through the utilization of internal splice donor and acceptor sites within 2 of the individual exons.
1465456|The variation previously reported for the cytoplasmic domain is shown to result from the alternative splicing of 2 exons.
1465456|The genomic structure of CD44 reveals a remarkable degree of complexity, and we confirm the role of alternative splicing as the basis of the structural and functional diversity seen in the CD44 molecule.
1468626|The largest (3.8-kb) message consists of the 22-nucleotide trans-spliced leader SL1 and 10 exons (I-X); the intermediate-size (3.3-kb) message begins with SL1 spliced to the 5' end of exon V and includes exons V-X; and the smallest (2.8-kb) message begins within exon VII and also includes exons VIII-X.
1468626|A Tc4 insertion in exon VII leads to alterations in splicing that result in three approximately wild-type-size messages: the Tc4 sequence and 28 additional nucleotides are spliced out of the two larger messages; the Tc4 sequence is trans-spliced off the smallest message such that SL1 is added 13 nucleotides upstream of the normal 5' end of the smallest message.
1531087|Using the delta A element as a probe, we have isolated three cDNA clones encoding three distinct protein isoforms, products of differential splicing and alternate promoter usage of the CRE-BP gene.
1535225|"Alternatively spliced annexin XI transcripts encode proteins that differ near the amino-terminus."
1535225|Two kinds of cDNAs were identified corresponding to annexin XI mRNA variants A and B, which are generated by alternative splicing of identical primary transcripts.
1544928|A single gene locus specifies four isoforms of the enzyme by alternative splicing."
1544928|Comparison of the genomic DNA sequence with that of the four different mRNAs indicates that these transcripts are produced by alternative splicing of the murine pre-mRNA according to a cassette model.
1561093|"An alternatively spliced Pit-1 isoform altered in its ability to trans-activate."
1561093|Although alternative splicing has been shown to give rise to isoforms of a number of transcription factors, such isoforms have not previously been detected for the POU homeodomain protein Pit-1.
1561093|The position of the insert, plus Southern blot analysis, implied that Pit-1a mRNA arises by alternative splicing of the Pit-1 gene transcript.
1569094|"Molecular diversity in amino-terminal domains of human calpastatin by exon skipping."
1569094|Therefore, alternative splicing is most likely the cause for the molecular diversity, and the multiple isoforms are implicated for specific physiological roles.
1569101|We have recently isolated cDNA clones representing four alternative splice forms of a T cell-specific transcription factor, TCF-1.
1569101|Differential splicing involves an alternative exon (IX) and three splice acceptor sites in exon X.
1569101|Based on comparison of sequence and on the placement of an alternative exon, TCF-1 appears closely related to the recently characterized HMG box transcription factor TCF-1 alpha/LEF.
1572637|"Elements of the rat tropoelastin gene associated with alternative splicing."
1572637|Multiple isoforms of tropoelastin, the soluble precursor of elastin, are the products of translation of splice-variant mRNAs derived from the single-copy tropoelastin gene.
1572637|Previous data had demonstrated DNA sequence heterogeneity in three domains of rat tropoelastin mRNA, indicating alternative splicing of several exons of the rat tropoelastin gene.
1572637|Rat tropoelastin genomic clones encompassing the sites of alternative splicing were isolated and sequenced.
1572637|Two sites of alternative splicing identified in rat tropoelastin mRNA sequences corresponded to exons 13-15 and exon 33 of the rat tropoelastin gene.
1572637|DNA sequences flanking exons subject to alternative splicing were analyzed.
1572637|These exons contained splicing signals that differed from consensus sequences and from splicing signals of constitutively spliced exons.
1572637|Further, a region of secondary structure encompassing the acceptor site of exon 13 may influence alternative splicing of this exon.
1572637|These results demonstrate that multiple cis-acting sequence elements may contribute to alternative splicing of rat tropoelastin pre-mRNA.
1577736|Tissue-specific splicing modifies an activation domain."
1577736|We also report the existence of isoforms of NF-YA which result from differential splicing.
1577736|These alternative splicing events map within a glutamine-rich activation domain and show a marked cell- and tissue-specific bias.
1601037|"Tissue-specific and allelic expression of the complement regulator CD46 is controlled by alternative splicing."
1601037|We now show that exquisite control of mRNA splicing is responsible for the heterogeneous expression of CD46 isoforms.
1601037|Differential splicing of 5 exons generates at least 14 CD46 mRNA variants whose expression is stringently regulated by allelic, tissue-specific and malignancy-related factors, as: (a) leukemic cells and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells preferentially incorporate the first of three STP exons (exon 7) into mRNA, and produce a larger CD46 isoform of 74 kDa, (b) an allelic difference in the proportion of 66- and 56-kDa CD46 isoforms on lymphocytes corresponds to the preferential inclusion or exclusion of the second STP exon (exon 8), (c) the third STP exon (exon 9) is specifically deleted in some placentae, (d) spermatozoa delete both exons 12 and 13, encoding a shorter transmembrane region and a unique cytoplasmic tail and (e) all tissues tested differentially splice exon 13, resulting in two alternative cytoplasmic tails.
1601037|The distribution of the 14 alternatively spliced RNA transcripts correlated with the presence of protein isoforms of the predicted size, indicating that alternative splicing leads to heterogeneity of CD46 glycoproteins.
1610903|Further RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that both isoforms of HNF-4 mRNA, i.e., with or without the 30 nucleotide segment, occur in rat liver and kidney, presumably by differential splicing.
1621094|Each gene uses alternative promoters and multiple variably spliced exons to potentially generate more than a 100 different neurexin transcripts.
1648733|They differ from the InsP3 receptor structure previously reported in two small variably spliced segments.
1650441|"Alternative splicing generates at least five different isoforms of the human basic-FGF receptor."
1650441|These findings indicate that alternative splicing generates diverse FGF receptor isoforms in human cells.
1657401|Both genes produce complex sets of transcripts, owing to the alternative utilization of exons and polyadenylation sites.
1657401|Each gene produces alternative protein forms, which differ in their C-terminal tails.
1658787|"Alternative splicing and genomic structure of the Wilms tumor gene WT1."
1658787|The WT1 gene consists of 10 exons, encoding a complex pattern of mRNA species: four distinct transcripts are expressed, reflecting the presence or absence of two alternative splices.
1658787|Splice II arises from the use of an alternative 5' splice junction and results in the insertion of 3 amino acids between zinc fingers 3 and 4.
1658787|RNase protection analysis demonstrates that the most prevalent splice variant in both human and mouse is that which contains both alternative splices, whereas the least common is the transcript missing both splices.
1658787|The relative distribution of splice variants is highly conserved between normal fetal kidney tissue and Wilms tumors that have intact WT1 transcripts.
1660926|Exons defined by the cDNA clones are distributed over more than 148 kb of genomic DNA, with some exons being used alternatively among the RNAs.
1660926|Altogether, the results indicate that the size and sequence heterogeneity of dnc transcripts results from transcription initiation at multiple sites, alternative splicing, and processes which generate different 3' ends.
1660926|The existence of multiple protein products is suggested by the alternative use of exons which code for portions of the open reading frame.
1660926|The protein variation potentially includes N-terminal differences coded for by transcript-specific 5' exons and internal differences arising from the optional inclusion of a 39 base-pair exon and from the alternative use of two 3' splice sites separated by six base-pairs.
1661825|The diversity is generated by alternative splicing as suggested by Southern analysis, as well as by sequence analysis.
1671709|Two alternative splices within the WT1 transcript have been conserved between mice and humans, suggesting that these have functional significance.
1672751|"Alternative splicing of the HOX 2.2 homeobox gene in human hematopoietic cells and murine embryonic and adult tissues."
1672751|Murine embryonic tissues and adult kidney and uterus contain approximately equal amounts of transcripts containing this intron and mRNAs from which the intron has been excised.
1672751|The spliced transcript encodes a 224 amino acid homeobox protein, while the unspliced transcript would potentially encode a 140 residue protein containing the same N-terminal sequence but lacking the homeodomain.
1676505|Alternatively spliced homeobox-containing cDNAs, corresponding to the major transcripts, have been cloned from two myeloid leukemia cell libraries.
1680753|"Heterogeneity in human soluble guanylate cyclase due to alternative splicing."
1680753|Comparison of its sequence with published partial genomic sequences of bovine guanylate cyclase indicates that HSGC-2 is formed due to alternative splicing.
1690728|"Alternative splicing of the human alpha 2(VI) collagen gene generates multiple mRNA transcripts which predict three protein variants with distinct carboxyl termini."
1690728|The exon/intron arrangement clearly demonstrated that the cDNA variants arose from alternative splicing events by mutually exclusive utilization of the last two exons in conjunction with the selective usage of an internal splice acceptor site in the penultimate exon.
1690728|This mRNA retained a 2.3-kb intron located between the two alternatively spliced exons and predicted a translational product that is the same as the alpha 2C2a variant.
1690886|Nucleotide sequence analysis and comparison with the chicken gene suggest that the mammalian genes contain an alternative exon that is located within the intron between exons 6 and 7.
1690886|Using oligonucleotide primers specific for exons 4, 8, and the alternative exon (exon 1*), we demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction that embryonic mouse and fetal human RNAs contain two types of alpha 1(IX) collagen transcripts.
1690886|One type of transcript does not contain the sequence encoded by exon 1*; the second type of transcript contains this exon.
1693086|"Differential splicing generates a nervous system-specific form of Drosophila neuroglian."
1693086|Here we show that the neuroglian gene generates at least two different protein products by tissue-specific alternative splicing.
1699826|"Multiple proteins are produced from the dec-1 eggshell gene in Drosophila by alternative RNA splicing and proteolytic cleavage events."
1699826|A distinctive feature of the gene is the production of multiple products by both alternative RNA splicing and proteolytic processing events.
1699826|Conceptual translation of the DNA sequence as well as molecular analyses of several dec-1 mutants suggest that the less abundant alternatively spliced RNAs encode primary translation products with different carboxy terminal ends.
1702422|"Alternative processing of androgen-binding protein RNA transcripts in fetal rat liver.
1702422|Identification of a transcript formed by trans splicing."
1702422|Analysis of cDNA clones derived from fetal rat liver cDNA libraries identified two cDNAs encoded by the ABP-SHBG gene that represented alternatively spliced RNAs.
1702999|Variations in coding sequence between rat tropoelastin cDNA clones were also found which may represent mRNA heterogeneity produced by alternative splicing of the rat tropoelastin pre-mRNA.
1703526|"Alternative splicing generates two variants of the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor."
1703526|Analysis of the corresponding genomic sequence showed that alpha ins 1 transcripts result from alternative splice acceptor site selection.
1703526|These data indicate that alternative splicing contributes to GlyR alpha subunit heterogeneity in the mammalian central nervous system.
1730065|The occurrence of multiple forms of calpastatin suggests alternative splicing in the functionally unknown domain.
1734023|A single gene is variably spliced to generate one nonmuscle and two muscle isoforms whose primary sequence differences are confined to a peptide spanning the actin binding domain and first central repeat.
1737618|Sequence analysis of otu cDNAs suggests that these proteins are translated from two mRNAs generated by alternative splicing of a 126-bp exon between the sixth and seventh exon of the smaller transcript.
1740449|"Alternative splicing and endoproteolytic processing generate tissue-specific forms of pituitary peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM)."
1740449|rPAM-5 is identical to rPAM-1 through nt 1217 in the PHM domain; alternative splicing generates a novel 3'-region encoding a COOH-terminal pentapeptide followed by 1.1 kb of 3'-untranslated region.
1740449|These three forms of PAM mRNA can be generated by alternative splicing.
1830473|The PMCA1 gene has a 154 base exon which can be alternatively spliced.
1830473|In splices containing 0, 87 or 114 bases of this exon, the mRNA downstream from this position encodes a protein containing the peptide sequence Lys-Arg-Asn-Ser-Ser (KRNSS), which can be phosphorylated by cyclic-nucleotide-sensitive protein kinase.
1830473|However, in those splices containing 154 bases, the mRNA encodes a protein that does not contain this sequence.
1830473|The cDNA clone obtained in this study did not contain the latter exon, and thus it coded for KRNSS.
1830473|The presence of the various splices of PMCA1 was determined in stomach smooth muscle and other tissues by reverse transcription followed by a polymerase chain reaction.
1840600|Isolation, nucleotide sequence and expression of the full-length and alternatively spliced cDNAs."
1840600|The type 3 cDNA resulted from an alternative splicing event, which excised the 172-bp exon.
1840600|These studies demonstrate the occurrence of alternatively splicing of the ASM transcript, but the existence of only one functional mRNA.
1855257|Analysis of additional cDNAs revealed that ASF pre-mRNA can itself be alternatively spliced, surprisingly, by utilization of a shared 5' splice site and two closely spaced 3' splice sites.
1874721|"Isoform diversity of phosphorylase kinase alpha and beta subunits generated by alternative RNA splicing."
1874721|All these isoforms are generated by alternative RNA splicing.
1874721|The beta subunit mRNA can be differentially spliced at two sites.
1874721|In all tissues (except skeletal muscle) that were analyzed, an internal segment encoding 28 amino acids of the muscle sequence is replaced by a homologous sequence of identical length, presumably through the use of mutually exclusive exons.
1876189|A 49K product (p49) can be generated independently from an alternatively spliced transcript; it has specific kappa B DNA-binding activity and can form heterodimers with other rel proteins.
1885613|Complete nucleotide sequence, exon structure, and alternative splicing."
1885613|A less abundant RNA species of 5110 bases contains additional sequences corresponding to an alternatively spliced exon 2.
1946438|The expression of one cytoplasmic domain or the other, based probably on alternative exon usage, is cell-type dependent.
1996994|"Identification of the leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) as the translation product of an alternatively spliced transcript."
1996994|Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of this cDNA with that determined for the cloned bovine amelogenine gene strongly suggested that the LRAP transcript resulted from alternative splicing of the primary transcript of this gene, thus explaining the origin of the puzzling LRAP sequence.
2006183|The cloning and sequencing of 34 alpha 2-PEG clones has revealed several minor variant forms indicative of alternatively spliced alpha 2-PEG pre-mRNA.
2006183|Sequences within the cDNA clones are consistent with the existence of splice sites, and together with similarities found between alpha 2-PEG cDNA and beta-lactoglobulin gene sequences there is good evidence in support of an unusual scheme for the alternative splicing of alpha 2-PEG pre-mRNA involving both alternative 5' splice sites and alternative 3' splice sites.
2006183|This scheme suggests that the alpha 2-PEG and beta-lactoglobulin genes share a similar structure in at least two regions, and it is likely that beta-lactoglobulin pre-mRNA would show a similar pattern of alternative splicing for one of these regions.
2019586|Alternative splicing that generates three mRNAs and a newly found mutation responsible for a clinical disease."
2019586|This could be explained by the presence of a small 9-base pair exon which can be introduced, or not, by alternative splicing as a stretch of 9 or 6 bases into the mature mRNA.
2039532|"Shorter variants of the D3 dopamine receptor produced through various patterns of alternative splicing."
2039532|Cloning and sequencing of these transcripts, together with the establishment of the exon-intron organization of the D3 receptor gene, shown these transcripts to result from different processes of alternative splicing.
2039532|The first transcript encodes a 100 amino acid protein, being produced by splicing of an exon whose absence deletes the third transmembrane domain and gives rise downstream to a frameshift in the open reading frame.
2039532|In the second transcript, an in frame 54 bp deletion is produced by splicing occurring at an internal acceptor site, suppressing half of the second extracellular loop and a small sequence in the fifth transmembrane domain.
2050389|"Alternatively spliced RNAs encode several isoforms of CD46 (MCP), a regulator of complement activation."
2050389|The other four CD46 clones contained the four NH2-terminal short consensus repeat (SCR) units of MCP, but differed at the region encoding the carboxyl-terminal of the protein which includes an extracellular segment rich in Ser, Thr, and Pro residues, a hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain, and a 33 amino acid cytoplasmic tail.
2050389|The different CD46 cDNAs have variously: (b) inserted a 93 base pair (bp) exon resulting in a new cytoplasmic tail of 26 amino acids; (c) deleted a 42 bp exon from the extracellular Ser/Thr rich region: (d) used a cryptic splice acceptor sequence to delete 37 bp from an exon encoding transmembrane sequence; or (e) failed to splice the intron after the four SCR units.
2050389|These were shown by northern blot and polymerase chain reaction to arise by alternative splicing of CD46 RNA.
2050389|The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to map the sites of the intron/exon junctions and demonstrate further possible splice variants of CD46.
2106072|"Two forms of Drosophila melanogaster Gs alpha are produced by alternate splicing involving an unusual splice site."
2106072|Alternate splicing of intron 7, involving either use of an unusual TG or consensus AG 3' splice site, results in transcripts which code for either a long (DGs alpha L) or short (DGs alpha S) form of Gs alpha.
2116360|"Alternative splicing of the sex determination gene transformer-2 is sex-specific in the germ line but not in the soma."
2116360|In the female soma, tra-2 is known to act with other genes in the sex determination regulatory cascade to control the sex-specific alternative splicing of transcripts from the doublesex gene.
2116360|Sequence analysis of the tra-2 gene and 10 tra-2 cDNA clones coupled with nuclease protection analysis reveals a variety of alternatively spliced tra-2 mRNAs that each encode one of four distinct but overlapping polypeptides.
2120049|"Alternatively spliced transcripts of the sex-determining gene tra-2 of Drosophila encode functional proteins of different size."
2120049|Two transcripts are detected in males and females; they differ in their abundance and in the presence (minor transcript Tmin) or absence (major transcript Tmaj) of one exon.
2120049|One of these is rare (msTmin) and represents a spliced form of the other, more abundant transcript (msTmaj).
2162042|"Identification of an additional member of the protein-tyrosine-phosphatase family: evidence for alternative splicing in the tyrosine phosphatase domain."
2162042|Analysis of genomic DNA indicates that the insertion is due to an alternatively spliced exon.
2162892|The size difference between the 3.7- and 3.5-kb messages and between the 1.5- and 1.3-kb messages is generated by an internal splicing event that deletes 252 bp within exon 2, which encodes the extracellular domain.
2170108|Nucleotide sequence analysis of these cloned DNAs revealed that the poliovirus receptor gene is approximately 20 kb long and contains seven introns in the coding region, and that at least four mRNA isoforms referring to the coding sequence are generated by alternative splicing and appear to encode four different molecules, that is, PVR alpha, PVR beta, PVR gamma and PVR delta.
2170108|Three types of splicing products for PVR alpha, PVR beta and PVR gamma were detected by polymerase chain reactions using appropriate primers in poly(A)+ RNAs of the brain, leukocyte, liver, lung and placenta of humans; the choice of primers used did not permit detection of PVR delta.
2209617|The two forms are generated by the alternative use of two transcription start sites and splice patterns.
2247063|A detailed analysis of the transcript(s) arising from the SCL locus revealed that (i) the 5' noncoding portion of the SCL transcript, which resides within a CpG island, has a complex pattern of alternative exon utilization as well as two distinct transcription initiation sites; (ii) the 5' portions of the SCL transcript contain features that suggest a possible regulatory role for these segments; (iii) the pattern of utilization of the 5' exons is cell lineage dependent; and (iv) all of the currently studied chromosomal aberrations that affect the SCL locus either structurally or functionally eliminate the normal 5' transcription initiation sites.
2306366|"Single gene encodes glycophospholipid-anchored and asymmetric acetylcholinesterase forms: alternative coding exons contain inverted repeat sequences."
2306366|Each enzyme form is encoded in three exons: the first two exons, bases -22 to 1502 and 1503 to 1669, encode sequence common to both forms, while alternative third exons encode a hydrophobic C-terminal region, to which a glycophospholipid is added upon processing, and a nonprocessed C-terminus, yielding a catalytic subunit that disulfide-links with a collagen-like structural unit.
2306366|The 3' untranslated region of each alternative exon contains tandem repeat sequences that are inverted with respect to the other exon.
2306366|This may either dictate alternative exon usage by formation of cis stem-loops or affect the abundance of translatable mRNA by trans-hybridization between the alternative spliced mRNA species.
2383265|"Evidence for an alternate splicing in the thyroperoxidase messenger from patients with Graves' disease."
2383265|In all the cases, this new spliced mRNA species represents between 40% and 50% of the total hTPO mRNAs.
2383265|With respect to the structure of the hTPO gene, the present deletion suggests an alternate splicing of exon 16.
2383265|By the use of a different stop codon, the spliced mRNA generates a modified 56 - COOH terminal aminoacids (aa) sequence.
2396986|"Alternative splicing of glucokinase mRNA in rat liver."
2396986|Northern blot analysis with oligonucleotide probes has shown that alternatively spliced mRNA represents about 5% of total glucokinase mRNA.
2396986|Alternative splicing of glucokinase mRNA in liver may explain earlier findings of minor isoforms of hepatic glucokinase.
2447561|"The human U1-70K snRNP protein: cDNA cloning, chromosomal localization, expression, alternative splicing and RNA-binding."
2447561|Comparison of the cDNA sequences indicates that there are multiple subclasses of mRNA that arise by alternative pre-mRNA splicing of at least four alternative exon segments.
2493160|Thus, potassium channel diversity could result from an extended gene family, as well as from alternate splicing of the Shaker primary transcript.
2493250|"Structure and expression of the alternatively-spliced forms of mRNA for the mouse homolog of Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta protein precursor."
2493250|In human three alternatively-spliced forms of BPP mRNA were found and two of them were shown to encode a protease inhibitory activity.
2500660|RNase protection mapping and comparison of the genomic sequence from three different cDNA clones reveal that three protein isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are produced by alternative processing of 3' exons.
2500660|Two of the isoforms differ from the third by the addition of either three or ten amino acids to their C-terminal ends.
2506434|"Functional domains of the Drosophila melanogaster muscle myosin heavy-chain gene are encoded by alternatively spliced exons."
2506434|The single-copy Drosophila muscle myosin heavy-chain (MHC) gene, located at 36B(2L), has a complex exon structure that produces a diversity of larval and adult muscle MHC isoforms through regulated alternative RNA splicing.
2506434|However, five sets of these exons, encoding portions of the S1 head and the hinge domains of the MHC protein, are tandemly repeated as two, three, four, or five divergent copies, which are individually spliced into RNA transcripts.
2506434|RNA hybridization studies with exon-specific probes showed that at least 10 of the 480 possible MHC isoforms that could arise by alternative RNA splicing of these exons are expressed as MHC transcripts and that the expression of specific members of alternative exon sets is regulated, both in stage and in muscle-type specificity.
2506434|This regulated expression of specific exons is of particular interest because the alternatively spliced exon sets encode discrete domains of the MHC protein that likely contribute to the specialized contractile activities of different Drosophila muscle types.
2506434|The alternative exon structure of the Drosophila MHC gene and the single-copy nature of this gene in the Drosophila genome make possible transgenic experiments to test the physiological functions of specific MHC protein domains and genetic and molecular experiments to investigate the mechanisms that regulate alternative exon splicing of MHC and other muscle gene transcripts.
2507168|"Developmentally regulated alternative splicing of Drosophila integrin PS2 alpha transcripts."
2507168|Two forms of PS2 alpha mRNA are frequently observed: a canonical (C) form and a form lacking the 75 nucleotide exon 8 (m8).
2509462|Analysis of genomic clones revealed that there are eight coding exons and that the putative transcripts for the two proteins differ in the 5'-noncoding regions and the first coding exons but share the remaining six coding exons.
2509463|The sequence of two cDNA clones shows there is alternative splicing in the 5'-coding region which, on conceptual translation, would give rise to two proteins with slightly different amino termini.
2509464|This observation, in addition to Northern analysis, suggests that alternate splicing may generate a variety of Go alpha-like proteins in Drosophila.
2511555|Three classes of transcripts were shown to differ only in the 3'-end and to code for three protein isoforms each with a different C-terminal amino acid sequence.
2511555|Each transcript is shown to arise through the differential expression of three isotype-specific exons at the 3'-end of the gene by a developmentally regulated process of 3'-end formation and alternate splicing pathways of the pre-mRNA.
2535524|"Alternative mRNA splicing generates the two ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase polypeptides in spinach and Arabidopsis."
2535524|Sequence analysis of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activase cDNA and genomic clones isolated from spinach and Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that the two polypeptides of rubisco activase arise from alternative splicing of a common pre-mRNA.
2535524|In spinach, two 5' splice sites are used in processing a single 137-nucleotide intron near the 3' end of the primary transcript.
2535524|This intron was either removed completely or, alternatively, the first 22 nucleotides of the intervening sequence were retained in the mature rubisco activase mRNA.
2535524|The 22-nucleotide auxiliary exon contains an in-frame ochre termination codon and leads to the synthesis of a 41-kilodalton polypeptide.
2535524|Thus, alternative splicing of the spinach rubisco activase mRNA results in the synthesis of two polypeptides that are identical except for 37 additional amino acids at the C terminus of the 45-kilodalton polypeptide.
2535524|In Arabidopsis, an alternatively spliced intron resides at precisely the same position as the alternatively spliced intron in spinach and results in the synthesis of 44-kilodalton and 47-kilodalton rubisco activase polypeptides.
2538124|"Alternative splicing of human insulin receptor messenger RNA."
2538124|The polymerase chain reaction has been used to examine alternative splicing of human insulin receptor (hINSR) mRNA.
2538124|Alternative splicing of a 36 base pair exon, exon 11, generates hINSR transcripts encoding receptor isoforms which differ in sequence at the C-terminal end of the insulin-binding alpha-subunit.
2550145|Furthermore, the para transcript appears to undergo alternative splicing to produce several distinct subtypes of this channel.
2555181|"Isolation of cDNA clones encoding human acid sphingomyelinase: occurrence of alternatively processed transcripts."
2555181|These findings demonstrate the presence of two distinct acid sphingomyelinase transcripts in human fibroblasts and placenta and suggest the occurrence of alternative processing of the mRNA encoding this lysosomal hydrolase.
2648158|"Alternative splicing of human dystrophin mRNA generates isoforms at the carboxy terminus."
2648158|We have used the polymerase chain reaction to see whether any of these exons are used alternatively in the different tissues that express dystrophin.
2648158|The 3' end of the dystrophin transcript can be alternatively spliced to create numerous isoforms differing at their carboxyl domains; this is the only domain of dystrophin that does not share any similarity with the related cytoskeletal alpha-actinins.
2767051|The three RNAs originate from alternative splicing of a unique peripherin gene, thus generating polymorphism of peripherin.
2824653|"Differential usage of three exons generates at least five different mRNAs encoding human leukocyte common antigens."
2824653|These differences arose as a result of differential usage of three exons as determined from an analysis of a genomic DNA clone.
2824653|Furthermore, Northern blot analysis with LCA exon-specific probes demonstrates the existence of at least two more LCA mRNA forms that are generated by differential splicing.
2839508|"Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes are generated by alternate pathways of RNA processing resulting in different carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequences."
2839508|This analysis has demonstrated three classes of transcripts, each differing in the 3'-untranslated region and coding for an enzyme with a different COOH-terminal amino acid sequence.
2839508|Each transcript is shown to arise through the differential expression of three isotype-specific exons at the 3'-end of the gene.
2839508|We propose a model where the expression of each isotype-specific transcript is controlled through a developmentally regulated process of 3'-end formation and alternate splicing pathways of the pre-mRNA.
2903050|The Abd-B transcripts can be grouped into four major classes whose diversity arises through differential exon splicing.
2910917|"Alternative splicing of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA in different tissues."
2910917|Sequencing of genomic DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that the extra sequence was derived from the 3'-end of intron 7 by alternative splicing.
2914713|"Three new class I HLA alleles: structure of mRNAs and alternative mechanisms of processing."
2914713|Moreover, two cDNAs pertaining to the same C allele display two alternative mechanisms of splicing, which cause either presence or absence in mature transcripts of the transmembrane exon 5 sequence.
2914713|The significance of HLA class I transcripts generated by differential processing is discussed.
2956090|The largest form of the molecule is distinguished from the smallest by an insert of 161 amino acids, after the first eight amino-terminal residues.
2956090|The other variant has an insert at the same location of 47 amino acids identical to residues 75-121 in the larger insert.
2956090|These structural variants which probably arise by cell-type-specific alternative splicing provide a molecular basis for the previously observed structural and antigenic heterogeneity of T200 glycoprotein.
2972386|These Fc epsilon RII species appear to be generated utilizing different transcriptional initiation sites and alternative RNA splicing.
2982157|"Developmental variations in the splicing pattern of transcripts from the Drosophila gene encoding myosin alkali light chain result in different carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequences."
2982157|In the 3' half of the gene, there are two alternative splicing patterns which result in mRNAs that translate to give proteins with two alternative 14 amino acid carboxyl-terminal sequences.
2982157|There is developmental regulation of the selection of the above splicing sites.
2982157|One splicing pattern produces an mRNA that translates into a protein used for both larval and adult musculature, whereas the other splicing pattern is used for the latter stage only.
2986851|"Intricate combinatorial patterns of exon splicing generate multiple regulated troponin T isoforms from a single gene."
2986851|Among the contractile proteins, troponin T exists in several isoforms, shown to be derived in part from a novel pattern of differential RNA splicing in the 3' region of the rat skeletal fast troponin T gene.
2986851|The isolation of four distinct but related cDNAs from this gene, which share discontinuous subsegments of sequence identity in their 5' regions, and the determination of the genomic sequence, demonstrate that small exons with characteristic split codon structure are differentially spliced in intricate combinatorial patterns to generate a minimum of 10, and potentially 64, distinct troponin T mRNAs, encoding different isoforms, in a developmentally regulated and tissue-specific manner.
3001723|In our studies on the molecular biology of human gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), we have discovered an example of a change in translational reading frame apparently produced through alternative RNA splicing.
3003116|Evidence for alternative processing resulting in three distinct mRNAs."
3003116|Comparison of the sequence of cDNA clones with the sequence of a genomic prepro-GRP clone reveals that the three forms of prepro-GRP mRNA arise from a single primary transcript which undergoes alternative processing from two splice donor sites to two splice acceptor sites.
3021337|"Alternative splicing of RNAs transcribed from the human abl gene and from the bcr-abl fused gene."
3021337|abl contains two alternative 5' exons spliced to a common set of 3' exons to yield the two major abl RNA transcripts.
3036370|The structure of the cDNAs indicates the use of alternative splicing, either in the 5' untranslated exons or in the 3' coding exons.
3036370|Thus the gene encodes two putative proteins of 1161 and 708 amino acids, p127 and p78, respectively, differing at their C termini.
3038530|An alternatively spliced exon encodes a cysteine-rich domain highly homologous to a repetitive sequence of thyroglobulin."
3038530|Between exons 6 and 7 an additional, alternatively spliced exon 6b has been identified.
3093080|"Alternative 5' exons and tissue-specific expression of the Drosophila EGF receptor homolog transcripts."
3093080|The structure of the cDNA indicates the use of alternative 5' exons.
3093080|All three splicing alternatives show similar tissue distribution during development.
3106119|As shown by S1 nuclease experiments these transcripts are alternatively spliced in a tissue-specific fashion generating mRNAs that encode tissue-specific protein isoforms.
3106119|The indirect flight muscle is the only tissue in the adult that accumulates the alternatively spliced mRNA.
3106119|The choice between splicing pathways involves the use of a nonconsensus 3' splice junction in larvae and in the tubular muscles of adults, whereas in the indirect flight muscle of the adult only consensus sequences are utilized.
3123310|Alternative processing of the primary transcript leads to the synthesis of two overlapping polypeptides.
3123310|Other introns in the purine gene, including the intron at which alternative processing occurs, show no such homologies.
3181125|"Complex alternative splicing of acetylcholinesterase transcripts in Torpedo electric organ; primary structure of the precursor of the glycolipid-anchored dimeric form."
3181125|In this paper, we show the existence of alternative splicing in the 3' region of the coding sequence of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
3283651|"Four murine c-abl mRNAs arise by usage of two transcriptional promoters and alternative splicing."
3283651|Here we show that the two major mRNAs are initiated by separate promoters and that the minor transcripts arise by alternative splicing.
3283651|Like in the human gene, one of the alternative murine 5' c-abl exons lies far upstream of the remaining exons.
3352602|"The rat alpha-tropomyosin gene generates a minimum of six different mRNAs coding for striated, smooth, and nonmuscle isoforms by alternative splicing."
3352602|The rat alpha-TM gene is split into at least 13 exons, 7 of which are alternatively spliced in a tissue-specific manner.
3352602|The tissue-specific expression and developmental regulation of these isoforms is, therefore, produced by alternative mRNA processing.
3352602|Moreover, structural and sequence comparisons among TM genes from different phyla suggest that alternative splicing is evolutionarily a very old event that played an important role in gene evolution and might have appeared concomitantly with or even before constitutive splicing.
3443103|Specifically, reverse genetic studies demonstrate that the 3.5 kb mature su(wa) RNA (produced by removal of seven introns) is a message essential for su(wa)+ function and indicate that the abundant 4.4 kb and 5.2 kb mature su(wa) RNAs (resulting when the first or first and second of the seven introns are not removed) are, unexpectedly, byproducts of repression of production of the functional 3.5 kb RNA.
3474611|"Regulated expression of multiple chicken erythroid membrane skeletal protein 4.1 variants is governed by differential RNA processing and translational control."
3474611|We show that a single protein 4.1 gene gives rise to multiple 6.6-kilobase mRNAs by differential RNA processing.
3614364|"Alternative RNA splicing affects function of encoded platelet-derived growth factor A chain."
3614364|The PDGF A-chain cDNA clones recently isolated and sequenced from a transformed human clonal glioma cell line represent at least two alternatively spliced transcript species differing by 69 base pairs at the C-terminus.
3614364|This suggests that some transformed cells may use alternative RNA splicing to modify normal growth factors and by so doing increase the efficiency of mitogen assembly or secretion.
3652207|"Alternative splicing in individual Aplysia neurons generates neuropeptide diversity."
3652207|We have found that the RNA encoding the R15 polyprotein is spliced differently in different neurons.
3652207|Our results suggest that alternative splicing of RNAs encoding polyproteins may provide a mechanism to generate distinct but overlapping sets of peptides that govern distinct but related physiological or behavioral programs.
3735424|Alternatively spliced exons exhibit unusual interspecies divergence."
3735424|The continuous nucleotide sequence of the rat fast skeletal muscle troponin T gene is reported, complementing the previous determinations of its structural organization and its capacity to encode multiple isoforms via alternative RNA splicing.
3735424|The structural features of exon organization that characterize this rat skeletal gene are closely conserved in the chicken cardiac troponin T gene, but the former exhibits a more diversified capacity for differential splicing.
3735424|Implications for the mechanisms of alternative RNA splicing are considered.
3735424|These divergences involve entire peptide subsegments and are concentrated in the same domains as are encoded by alternatively spliced exons, suggesting that exon shuffling may have contributed to the evolution of troponin T.
6269091|"Human growth hormone DNA sequence and mRNA structure: possible alternative splicing."
6269091|S1 mapping shows that one of these intervening sequences has two different 3' splice sites.
6269091|These alternate splicing pathways generate hGH peptides of different sizes which are found in normal pituitaries.
6413075|"A Drosophila metabolic gene transcript is alternatively processed."
6413075|Part of the same DNA segment specifies a shorter transcript, which consists of the same 5' exons but lacks the last three 3' exons.
6413075|We hypothesize that alternative processing of a transcript is a basis for channeling metabolic intermediates into two different pathways.
7500840|"Molecular cloning of a cDNA for the human inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1, and the identification of a third alternatively spliced variant."
7500840|We now report an additional alternatively spliced region in the coupling domain, that is 9 amino acids long, which we term S3.
7500840|Alternatively spliced forms are found in both human and rat.
7509448|Taken together, these results suggest that different NDF isoforms are generated by alternative splicing and perform distinct tissue-specific functions.
7515057|"A splice variant of arrestin.
7515057|We recently isolated a novel form of arrestin, termed p44, that is truncated at the COOH terminus (Palczewski, K., Buczylko, J., Ohguro, H., Annan, R. S., Carr, S. A., Crabb, J. W., Kaplan, M. W., Johnson, R. S., and Walsh, K. A. (1994) Protein Sci. 3, 319-329) and strongly inhibits Gt activation by non-phosphorylated rhodopsin.
7515057|p44 is identified as a splice variant of arrestin based on the identical cDNA sequence of p44 with arrestin (except the 3' non-coding regions), the presence of an exon/intron junction at the Ser369 codon, and identical Southern hybridization patterns generated by the 3' non-coding portion of arrestin and p44.
7519443|"Structural characterization and alternate splicing of the gene encoding the preadipocyte EGF-like protein pref-1."
7519443|In the present studies, we have isolated and characterized genomic clones for pref-1 and have identified multiple pref-1 transcripts generated by alternate splicing.
7519443|Through RT-PCR and the isolation and analysis of multiple pref-1 cDNA clones, we have identified, in addition to full-length pref-1, five alternately spliced forms with various in-frame deletions of all or a part of the sixth EGF-like repeat, juxta-membrane, and predicted transmembrane domains.
7533526|Here we show that in normal AML1 transcripts different splicing events are seen to occur after AML1 exon 5 as well as exon 6.
7535717|The Mlc1 gene of D. melanogaster encodes two MLC1 isoforms via developmentally regulated alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
7535717|Analyses of these data reveal that introns 4 and 5, which flank the alternatively spliced exon 5, have reduced levels of both intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence relative to intron 3.
7535717|These results are consistent with the hypothesis that introns surrounding an alternatively spliced exon are subjected to additional constraints, perhaps due to specific aspects of secondary structure required for appropriate splicing of the pre-mRNA molecule.
7542879|"Identification of a short form of the P2xR1-purinoceptor subunit produced by alternative splicing in the pituitary and cochlea."
7545710|"Multiple isoforms of guinea pig decay-accelerating factor (DAF) generated by alternative splicing."
7545710|Alternative splicing of two optional exons generates transmembrane, GPI-anchored, and secreted forms of guinea pig DAF, and differential usage of splice sites in the single exon composed of internally quintuplicated sequences generates variable Ser/Thr-rich regions.
7546292|"The family of LAMP-2 proteins arises by alternative splicing from a single gene: characterization of the avian LAMP-2 gene and identification of mammalian homologs of LAMP-2b and LAMP-2c."
7546292|We report isolation and characterization of chicken genomic clones indicating that the three transcripts are the result of alternative splicing of a single LAMP-2 gene.
7546292|Thus, the family of LAMP-2 proteins is conserved from bird to mammals and the diversity is generated by alternative splicing of a single LAMP-2 gene.
7556063|Two alternatively spliced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase transcripts, TdTS and TdTL which code respectively for proteins of 509 and 529 amino acids have been previously identified in the mouse thymus.
7556075|Additional cDNA clones reflect extensive alternative splicing of SRp40 and SRp55 pre-mRNAs.
7556075|Consistent with the postulated importance of SR proteins in alternative splicing in vivo, we demonstrate complex changes in the levels of mRNAs encoding the above SR proteins upon T cell activation, concomitant with changes in the expression of alternatively spliced isoforms of CD44 and CD45.
7566962|"Alternative splicing of PSP94 (prostatic secretory protein of 94 amino acids) mRNA in prostate tissue."
7566962|In the short form of PSP94 mRNA, designated as PSP57, exon III was found to be deleted.
7566962|The two mRNA forms were confirmed by cloning and sequencing of the RT-PCR products and were found to result from alternative splicing.
7566962|The alternatively spliced form, PSP57, was characterized by sequence analysis.
7566962|Our results suggest the possible existence of a novel PSP protein that originates from alternative splicing of PSP94 mRNA in urogenital tissues.
7566977|Analyses of flt3 ligand cDNA clones show that alternative splicing of a putative sixth exon results in the generation of a soluble form of the flt3 ligand protein.
7588285|The second clone is another splice variant lacking both the 16-amino acid insert in the first intracellular domain as well as the first 47 amino acids of the amino-terminus extracellular domain.
7588285|Analysis of a hCT receptor genomic clone demonstrated an exon/intron organization similar to that of the porcine CT receptor gene, except for a distinct exon coding for the alternatively spliced insert in the first intracellular domain.
7590272|Comparison of cDNA clones and RT-PCR products with the genomic clones identified alternately spliced exons in both the coding and 5' noncoding regions of RHAMM.
7590272|In the coding region exon 4 is alternately spliced.
7590272|The major RHAMM transcript (RHAMM1) in 3T3 fibroblasts does not contain exon 4 and encodes a protein of 70 kDa.
7590272|A minor transcript containing exon 4, namely RHAMM v4, encodes a 73-kDa protein, as demonstrated by isoform-specific antibodies.
7619499|"Characterization of alternatively spliced human SP-10 mRNAs."
7619499|Alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding the human intraacrosomal proteinSP-10 were sought by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR).
7619499|Eleven RTPCR products were identified, characterized, and found to represent authentic alternatively spliced SP-10 mRNAs.
7619499|The 11 alternatively spliced SP-10 mRNAs encoded proteins ranging from 81 to 265 amino acids.
7619499|The 10 smaller variants all resulted from one or two in-frame deletions in exons 2 and/or 3 of the SP-10 genomic sequence.
7619499|Within the low abundance group of mRNAs were two that deleted the entire third exon of SP-10.
7619499|The present study suggests that phenomena of cryptic splicing and exon skipping occur within the SP-10 mRNA.
7619499|Along with proteolysis, alternative splicing also helps to explain the heterogeneous forms of SP-10 that have been observed on Western blots of human sperm extracts.
7629084|Structure, chromosomal localization, and expression of alternatively processed transcripts."
7629084|Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+ RNA isolated from human fetal tissues has allowed us to identify five different species, generated by alternative splicing of intron 3, which may be retained or excised as a shorter version, as well as the use of two polyadenylation sites.
7629084|Thus, our results raise the possibility that alternative splicing of intron 3 provides a mechanism for modulation of the 9G8 function.
7639755|These isoforms appear to be generated by combinatorial splicing of both exons 5 and 7 of the SMN telomeric and centromeric gene copies.
7639755|Our results suggest that multiple RNA splicing is operative in the two SMN-related genes and that SMN-related polypeptides may be active in the muscle.
7642694|"Large and small splice variants of collagen XII: differential expression and ligand binding."
7642694|Differential splicing within this domain gives rise to a large (320 kD) and a small (220 kD) subunit; the large but not the small can carry glycosaminoglycan.
7642694|To investigate whether collagen XII variants have distinct expression patterns and functions, we generated antibody and cDNA probes specific for the alternatively spliced domain.
7673195|One of the structural characteristics shared by these proteins is the presence of several isoforms presumably resulting from alternative splicing.
7680094|"Abnormal muscle development in the heldup3 mutant of Drosophila melanogaster is caused by a splicing defect affecting selected troponin I isoforms."
7680094|The troponin I (TnI) gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a family of 10 isoforms resulting from the differential splicing of 13 exons.
7680094|Four of these exons (6a1, 6a2, 6b1, and 6b2) are mutually exclusive and very similar in sequence.
7680094|The mutation consists of a one-nucleotide displacement of the 3' AG splice site at the intron preceding exon 6b1, resulting in the failure to produce all exon 6b1-containing TnI isoforms.
7691356|"Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator splice variants are not conserved and fail to produce chloride channels."
7691356|In the human CFTR only the rare exon 4- splice variant is conserved in mice.
7691356|We have discovered two novel murine variants, exon 5- and exon 11b+.
7691356|The exon 5- variant represents up to 40% of mRNA in all CFTR-expressing tissues and leaves the reading frame intact.
7691356|The exon 11b+ variant inserts a novel exon between exons 11 and 12 with expression restricted to the testis.
7691356|When we expressed human CFTR variants lacking either exon 5 or exon 9 in HeLa cells, they failed to generate cAMP-mediated chloride transport, due to defective intracellular processing.
7691356|The lack of conservation of splice variants between species and the inability of the more abundant splice variants to generate protein that is correctly processed argue against a physiological role and may simply represent aberrant splicing that is tolerated by the cell and organism.
7694502|Multiple plasma membrane Ca(2+)-pump isoforms are produced from four genes (PMCA1 to 4) and alternative mRNA splicing.
7694502|PMCA1 was the predominant gene product amplified from human small intestinal mucosa, although a minor additional variant lacking the exon at splice site B was detected, which resembled that described for PMCA4.
7695896|"Cartography of neurexins: more than 1000 isoforms generated by alternative splicing and expressed in distinct subsets of neurons."
7695896|PCRs demonstrated that alpha-neurexins are alternatively spliced at five canonical positions, and beta-neurexins at two.
7695896|Characterization of many independent bovine neurexin I alpha cDNAs suggests that different splice sites are used independently.
7695896|The splicing pattern is conserved in rat and cow.
7695896|Thus, in addition to somatic gene rearrangement (immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) and large gene families (odorant receptors), alternative splicing potentially represents a third mechanism for creating a large number of cell surface receptors that are expressed by specific subsets of cells.
7696586|We speculate that this shorter mRNA arose due to alternative splicing.
7698978|rbSec1, which we show here to be represented by two alternatively spliced isoforms, rbSec1A and B, has a widespread distribution in the axon and is not restricted to the nerve terminal.
7720653|"Alternative splicing of a 48-nucleotide exon generates two isoforms of the human calcitonin receptor."
7720653|A portion of the human calcitonin receptor (hCTR) gene corresponding to the region of the porcine gene at which alternative splicing generates two CTR isoforms was isolated by polymerase chain reaction amplification of placental DNA.
7720653|Splicing of this exon accounts for the two isoforms of hCTR, containing or not containing a 16-amino acid insertion in the first putative intracellular loop.
7721104|"A novel pituitary transcription factor is produced by alternative splicing of the human GHF-1/PIT-1 gene."
7721104|An alternative splice acceptor site in intron 1 of the human GHF-1/PIT-1 gene was sequenced.
7721876|"Alternative mRNA processing occurs in the variable region of the pro-alpha 1(XI) and pro-alpha 2(XI) collagen chains."
7721876|For the chicken pro-alpha 1(XI) chain a more complex pattern of alternative splicing was detected with six possible variants.
7721876|Of special interest was the alternative use of two exons (called IIA and IIB) in which IIA encodes for 39 amino acids and is highly acidic (estimated pI = 3.2), whereas IIB encodes for 49 amino acids and is highly basic (estimated pI = 10.6).
7721876|A similar alternative use of exon IIA or exon IIB was also observed for human chondrocytes.
7721876|Northern blotting with probes specific for IIA or IIB showed that both exons are present in transcripts from cartilage but exon IIB is preferentially utilized in transcripts from tendon.
7721876|Differential splicing in the variable region may potentially influence the interaction of collagen fibrils with other molecules of the extracellular matrix and more specifically with sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains or with hyaluronan.
7733946|"A new type of human calcitonin receptor isoform generated by alternative splicing."
7733946|These results indicate that the type 1 and the type 3 human CTRs are generated by alternative splicing and a majority of human CTR transcripts is type 1.
7737988|"Different voltage-dependent inhibition by dihydropyridines of human Ca2+ channel splice variants."
7737988|Six out of 50 exons of the channel alpha 1C subunit gene are subjected to alternative splicing, thus generating channel isoform diversity.
7737988|This segment is genetically regulated through alternative splicing of exons 21/22.
7737988|Site-directed mutagenesis points to two amino acids in IIIS2, which determine the difference of the splice variants in their sensitivities to dihydropyridines.
7750631|We report here the cDNA cloning and analysis of mouse embryonic mRNA splice variants encoding four AP-2 isoforms.
7750631|The three new AP-2 isoforms all share the same DNA binding/dimerization domain as isoform 1 but either lack the proline-rich transcriptional activation domain encoded by exon 2 (isoform 2) or have different amino-termini encoded by two previously unknown alternative first coding exons for AP-2 (isoforms 3 and 4).
7759101|SREBP1 exists in several forms, possibly as a result of alternative splicing at both the 5' and the 3' ends of the mRNA.
7759101|The 5' and 3' sequences that differ between the two SREBP1 cDNAs are encoded by discrete exons, confirming the hypothesis that they result from alternative splicing.
7774961|"Genomic organization of the human alpha-adducin gene and its alternately spliced isoforms."
7774961|The cDNA for the human alpha-adducin gene has been cloned, and different alternately spliced forms have been identified.
7774961|We report the complete genomic organization of the human alpha-adducin gene and these alternately spliced forms.
7774961|One of the spliced forms of the human alpha-adducin gene results from alternate use of the 5' splice donor site for exon 10, while another results in a truncated protein following insertion of 34 bp comprising exon 15, followed by a premature stop codon.
7774961|This alternate spliced form of alpha-adducin is predicted to result in an altered carboxyl terminus that would eliminate a protein kinase and calmodulin binding site.
7775479|The murine cDNA encoding p96 was cloned and sequenced, along with cDNAs representing two alternatively spliced forms of the protein.
7775479|BAC1.2F5 cells predominantly expressed the p96 protein, although mRNA and protein corresponding to the p67 splice variant were also detected.
7802632|"Murine fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene generates multiple messenger RNAs containing two open reading frames via alternative splicing."
7802632|In addition, all FGFR-1 subtypes including a unique variant form with 12 amino acids insertion and two amino acids deletion were observed to be able to be generated through alternative splicing.
7806500|A cDNA encoding one of these proteins was isolated and found to have two different splice forms.
7823949|Differential splicing also gives rise to a minor transcript that lacks the calmodulin-like domain.
7824267|"Identification of soluble and membrane-bound isoforms of the murine flt3 ligand generated by alternative splicing of mRNAs."
7824267|We have isolated additional flt3 ligand isoforms by PCR that contain an extra exon and encode what are predicted to be either a soluble form of the ligand or a longer version of the transmembrane protein.
7824267|This isoform results from a failure to splice out an intron during mRNA processing.
7824267|Regulation of mRNA splicing is likely to control the generation of cell bound or soluble forms of this hematopoietic growth factor.
7824284|"Identification of alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding variants of MDK1, a novel receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in the murine nervous system."
7824284|Northern blot analysis revealed MDK1 mRNA transcripts of 6.8, 5.7, 4.0, 3.2 and 2.6 kb that encode apparent splice variants.
7837791|We also isolated and sequenced three types of splice variants in OPN from human glioma cell lines through polymerase chain reaction.
7853403|"Developmental regulation of a silkworm gene encoding multiple GATA-type transcription factors by alternative splicing."
7853403|We now show that the expression of the BmGATA beta gene is spatially and temporally regulated by alternative splicing that generates two major (BmGATA beta 1 and BmGATA beta 2) and one minor (BmGATA beta 3) mRNA isoforms of non-identical tissue distribution.
7853403|Coincident with the onset of late chorion gene expression, we have observed a significant change in the preference of splice site selection in favour of the one that results in the generation of BmGATA beta 1 mRNA.
7854052|"Organization of the mouse 5-HT3 receptor gene and functional expression of two splice variants."
7854052|The alternative use of two adjacent splice acceptor sites in intron 8 creates, in addition to the original 5-HT3R-A cDNA (5-HT3R-AL), a shorter isoform (5-HT3R-AS) which lacks six codons in the segment that translates into the major intracellular domain.
7867768|We also report the isolation of two additional GDNF-related cDNAs, termed astrocyte-derived trophic factors (ATF), which apparently result from differential RNA processing.
7869089|PCR analysis suggests that the Dmca1D message undergoes alternative splicing with more heterogeneity appearing in head and embryonic extracts than in bodies and legs.
7876192|This resulted in the identification and cloning of four alternatively spliced ICE mRNA isoforms.
7876192|Although all the alternative splicing events were within the coding sequence of ICE, the four ICE isoforms maintained open reading frames and were designated as ICE beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.
7911773|"Evolutionary conservation of the structure and expression of alternatively spliced Ultrabithorax isoforms from Drosophila."
7911773|In Drosophila melanogaster, alternatively spliced mRNAs from the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) encode a family of structurally distinct homeoprotein isoforms.
7911773|To evaluate the functional importance of UBX isoform diversity and gain clues to the mechanism that regulates processing of Ubx RNAs, we have investigated whether the Ubx RNAs of other insects undergo similar alternative splicing.
7911773|These four species exhibit identical patterns of optional exon use in a region adjacent to the homeodomain.
7911773|The nucleotide sequences of the optional exons, including third positions of rare codons, have also been conserved strongly, suggesting functional constraints that are not limited to coding potential.
7911773|The tissue- and stage-specific patterns of expression of different UBX isoforms are identical among these Drosophila species, indicating that the developmental regulation of the alternative splicing events has also been conserved.
7911773|These findings argue for an important role of alternative splicing in Ubx function.
7911773|We discuss the implications of these results for models of UBX protein function and the mechanism of alternative splicing.
7916651|"Estrogen receptor variant messenger RNA lacking exon 4 in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cell lines."
7916651|Partial sequence analysis of the variant complementary DNA revealed identity to sequences of the estrogen receptor exons 3, 5, and 6, but the absence of the entire exon 4.
7916651|We suggest that this variant receptor messenger is created by alternative splicing.
7924996|We determined complete structures of maternal and zygotic alternatively spliced trithorax transcripts, and found that two RNA isoforms are expressed in a surprising manner in the early embryo.
7926813|Rat HNF-4 exhibits two isoforms which probably result from differential splicing.
7929082|In addition to the human species homolog of ROM-K1, four additional transcripts that are formed by alternative splicing of a single human gene were also characterized (hROM-K2 to hROM-K5).
7929082|The two other transcripts contain additional exons that potentially extend the open reading frame by either 19 amino acid residues (hROM-K1) or by 17 amino acid residues (hROM-K3).
7929082|A survey of the tissue distribution of expression of the various forms in selected human tissues showed that the core-exon linked to all four possible 5' exons are detected almost exclusively in kidney.
7929573|Analysis of the genomic sequence and of various transcripts represented in a cDNA library suggest that unc-87 mRNAs are subject to alternative splicing.
7935426|"The lymphoid transcription factor LyF-1 is encoded by specific, alternatively spliced mRNAs derived from the Ikaros gene."
7935426|Further analysis revealed that at least six distinct mRNAs are derived from the Ikaros/LyF-1 gene by alternative splicing.
7935426|These data reveal that the LyF-1 protein is encoded by specific mRNAs derived from the alternatively-spliced Ikaros gene, suggesting that this gene may be important for the early stages of both B- and T-lymphocyte development.
7937874|"Human adhalin is alternatively spliced and the gene is located on chromosome 17q21."
7937874|Additionally, a splice form of adhalin message was found that predicts a 35-kDa nontransmembrane adhalin.
7937874|The expression of both adhalin splice forms is exclusively restricted to striated muscle, unlike other components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
7945262|"Divergent sequences in the 5' region of cDNA suggest alternative splicing as a mechanism for the generation of carnitine acetyltransferases with different subcellular localizations."
7945262|An intron is located where sequences diverge, suggesting that mitochondrial, peroxisomal and possibly endoplasmic reticulum CAT mRNAs derive from alternative splicing of the CAT gene.
7957954|These results suggest that the mouse TGF-beta RII gene generates multiple isoforms, possibly by alternative splicing, as reported for activin type IIB receptor; and an isoform which has the extra sequence in the ligand-binding domain is also involved in the TGF-beta signal transduction.
7958875|"Two independent and interactive DNA-binding subdomains of the Pax6 paired domain are regulated by alternative splicing."
7958875|This protein, which arises by alternative mRNA splicing, exhibits unique DNA-binding properties.
7958875|The functional nonequivalence of the two Pax6 proteins is underscored by a T-->C mutation at position -3 of the alternative splice acceptor site that changes the ratio of the two isoforms and causes a distinct human ocular syndrome.
7958951|Analysis of the genomic structure of the mouse NF1-GRD revealed two exons (23A and 23B) between exons 23 and 24, leading to the production of four types of NF1-GRD cDNAs by an alternative splicing mechanism.
7958951|These, together with other results, suggest that the four types of NF1-GRD transcripts generated by alternative splicing have some important biological roles in cell differentiation and proliferation.
7961889|Results presented here show that D3nf mRNA arises from the D3-encoded primary transcript via alternative splicing.
8058741|"Genomic structure and cloned cDNAs predict that four variants in the kinase domain of serine/threonine kinase receptors arise by alternative splicing and poly(A) addition."
8058741|The genomic structure and cDNA clones indicate that poly(A) addition to alternative exons at each of three carboxyl-terminal coding exon-intron junctions may be a common feature of both type I and II receptor genes.
8084618|Sequence analysis of this cDNA revealed differential splicing involving two exons encoding 72 amino acids.
8084618|Both alternatively spliced transcripts, EWS and EWS-b, are expressed in a variety of cells.
8110831|"cDNA cloning of an alternatively spliced isoform of the regulatory subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin B alpha 2)."
8126106|"Generation of truncated brain AE3 isoforms by alternate mRNA processing."
8126106|We have identified two novel isoforms of mouse AE3 that are generated by tissue-specific alternate RNA processing.
8127713|"Molecular characterization of the mouse ribosomal protein S24 multigene family: a uniquely expressed intron-containing gene with cell-specific expression of three alternatively spliced mRNAs."
8127713|Sequence analysis showed that one of these cDNA clones (termed S24a) lacks the entire exon V sequence (18 nt), and the deduced amino acid sequence is missing a C-terminal lysine residue encoded by the other cDNA (S24b).
8127713|RT-PCR experiments demonstrated the existence of a third form (S24c) that similarly lacks both of the mini-exons, and suggested that different species of S24 mRNA might arise from alternative splicing of the mini-exons V and VI.
8127713|Our results provide the first indication that a ribosomal protein gene is regulated by alternative usage of two mini-exons in a cell-specific manner.
8182428|"Developmentally regulated alternative splicing generates a complex array of Drosophila para sodium channel isoforms."
8182428|Previous sequence analysis of para cDNAs indicated the occurrence of alternative splicing at several sites within the open reading frame.
8182428|Here we report a detailed analysis of this alternative splicing and its regulation during development.
8182428|We have used a combination of RNA-PCR and sequence analysis to examine a 1.7 kilobase region of the para mRNA that encompasses the previously reported sites of alternative splicing.
8182428|Five sites of alternative splicing were identified; 48 different splice variants could be generated by the differential exon usage observed.
8182428|The number of splice forms and their relative frequency in vivo were characterized in RNA samples of both embryos and adults.
8182428|The range of splice types was found to be much more diverse in adults than in embryos; of a total of 19 different combinations of alternative exons, 11 splice types were found in embryos and 18 in adults.
8182428|Usage of some individual alternative exons changed during development; a newly identified exon, which is found in one of two forms either 24 or 30 base pairs long, was present in about 85% of para transcripts from embryos but only 7% of those in adults.
8190102|"Alternative splicing of human inwardly rectifying K+ channel ROMK1 mRNA."
8190102|The isolation of the human ROMK1 gene, localized to chromosome band 11q24 by fluorescence in situ hybridization, indicated that the different ROMK1 transcripts were generated by alternative splicing.
8190102|Thus, tissue-specific alternative splicing of human ROMK1 mRNA may result in the expression of a family of ROMK1 proteins.
8194750|"The mouse Rxrb gene encoding RXR beta: genomic organization and two mRNA isoforms generated by alternative splicing of transcripts initiated from CpG island promoters."
8194750|These isoforms are generated from separate exons transcribed from different CpG island promoters and spliced into the common acceptor site in the transactivation domain by an alternative splicing.
8195112|We have isolated and sequenced a rat renal NCE clone, denoted F1, that was identical to previous rat NCEs, except for two unique sequences: one in the 5'-untranslated region and the other at a site of alternative splicing in the coding sequence.
8195112|Three species were identified each with a different 5'-end exon spliced to a common NCE core at nucleotide -34 in the 5'-untranslated region.
8195112|Investigation of the region of alternative splicing in the coding sequence also revealed tissue-specific expression of five major species.
8207080|"Alternative splicing of human cyclin E."
8207080|We report here the existence of a 43 kDa splice variant of human cyclin E, termed cyclin Es, which lacks 49 amino acids within the cyclin box compared to the known 48 kDa cyclin E.
8207080|Cyclin Es is the first splice variant of a cell cycle regulatory protein to be described.
8223245|Molecular analysis of pointed has revealed two differently spliced types of transcripts, which are encoded in a region extending over 55 kb of genomic sequence.
8226841|"The multiphosphorylation domain of the phosphorylase kinase alpha M and alpha L subunits is a hotspot of differential mRNA processing and of molecular evolution."
8226841|Analysis of this region by reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in several human and rabbit tissues demonstrates that it is subject to elaborate differential mRNA splicing.
8226841|Similar, tissue-dependent differential splicing events could be detected by RT-PCR in the human alpha subunit isoform from liver (alpha L).
8226841|The expression of the differentially spliced alpha M subtypes differs markedly between corresponding human and rabbit tissues.
8226841|Thus, the multiphosphorylation domain of the phosphorylase kinase alpha subunit isoforms is subject to pronounced structural variation not only between different tissues of one organism via differential splicing, but also in the course of evolution.
8227057|Tissue specificity produced by alternative RNA splicing."
8227057|These two mRNA transcripts of the heart (H) type and liver (L) type were generated by alternative splicing of an exon.
8227057|The same alternative splicing event was observed in bovine tissue.
8227057|In human tissues, the H type mRNA devoid of exon 9 was expressed specifically in the heart and skeletal muscle, which require rapid energy supply.
8227057|This is the first report on tissue-specific isoforms generated by alternative splicing in an energy transducing mitochondrial protein.
8242607|"APC gene messenger RNA: novel isoforms that lack exon 7."
8242607|Two mRNA isoforms were reported which are produced by alternative splicing in the 9th exon.
8242607|Here, we report novel mRNA isoforms that lack the 7th exon in both mouse and human cells.
8245032|"Quantitative analysis of alternative splicing options of human plasma membrane calcium pump genes."
8245032|The alternative splicing options and the quantitative tissue distribution of the transcripts of the four currently known human plasma membrane calcium pump (PMCA) genes have been analyzed in seven tissues (cerebral cortex, skeletal and heart muscle, stomach, liver, lung, and kidney) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on reverse transcribed mRNA with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as the internal standard.
8245032|Alternative splicing was found to occur in the PMCA transcripts at two major regulatory sites (sites A and C), adjacent to the amino-terminal phospholipid-responsive region and within the carboxyl-terminal calmodulin binding domain, respectively.
8245032|Novel splicing variants not described previously for human genes were detected for hPMCA3 and 4 at site A and for hPMCA1, 2, and 3 at site C.
8245032|For all genes a common splice variant was found at both splice sites.
8245032|The common splice variant at site A was characterized by the inclusion of a small exon (hPMCA1, 39 base pairs (bp); hPMCA2, 42 bp; hPMCA3, 42 bp; hPMCA4, 36 bp).
8245032|In the common splice variant at site C, an exon (hPMCA1, 154 bp; hPMCA2, 227 bp; hPMCA3, 154 bp; hPMCA4, 178 bp) was excluded in the mRNA.
8245032|All genes normally express these main splice variants in all tissues in which the corresponding isoform is present.
8245032|The splicing complexity at site C was found to be augmented in the transcripts of PMCA2 and PMCA3 through the use of additional exons, and in PMCA1 and 3 through the use of additional internal splice sites in the single alternatively spliced 154-base pair exon.
8281153|"Genomic organization of the gene encoding the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B: multiple variants of the p65 protein may be generated by alternative splicing."
8281153|We show that the naturally occurring shorter variant of p65 (p65 delta) can be generated by alternative splicing of intron 6, not only in humans but also in mouse.
8281153|In addition, the existence of another, as yet unknown splice variant of p65 is predicted.
8288127|"A novel POU domain gene, zebrafish pou2: expression and roles of two alternatively spliced twin products in early development."
8288127|We found that alternatively spliced transcripts, t-pou2 RNAs, were also expressed in the embryos.
8288127|Also, our results indicate that different products generated as a result of alternative splicing from the same gene possess distinct functional capacities.
8294492|"Alternative splicing of the NC1 domain of the human alpha 3(IV) collagen gene.
8294492|The human collagen IV gene (COL4A3) was isolated and characterized, and it was shown that the cDNA variants arose from alternative splicing by deletion of exon 4 in L5 and deletion of exon 2 in V.
8325889|"Tissue-specific alternative splicing generates two isoforms of the trkA receptor."
8325889|In this report, we show that alternative splicing results in the production of two distinct trkA isoforms in both rats and humans.
8341647|"Neurexin III alpha: extensive alternative splicing generates membrane-bound and soluble forms."
8341647|cDNA cloning and PCR experiments revealed alternative splicing at four positions in the mRNA for neurexin III alpha.
8341647|Alternative splicing was previously observed at the same positions in either neurexin I alpha or neurexin II alpha or both, suggesting that the three neurexins are subject to extensive alternative splicing.
8341647|The most extensive alternative splicing of neurexin III alpha was detected at its C-terminal site, which exhibits a minimum of 12 variants.
8341647|Some of the alternatively spliced sequences at this position contain in-frame stop codons, suggesting the synthesis of secreted proteins.
8344466|"Origin of fetal troponin T: developmentally regulated splicing of a new exon in the fast troponin T gene."
8344466|We have identified a new exon in the fast troponin T (TnT) gene whose alternative splicing is developmentally regulated.
8344466|Reverse transcription coupled to PCR was used with primers from conserved regions of the fast TnT sequence that span the 5' alternatively spliced exons.
8344466|Thus, fetal TnTs are generated from the fast TnT gene by the inclusion of a new, alternatively spliced exon, which we have designated f (for fetal), whose developmentally regulated splicing appears to be a common feature of mammalian skeletal muscle development.
8355600|"Conservation of alternative splicing and genomic organization of the myosin alkali light-chain (Mlc1) gene among Drosophila species."
8355600|The Mlc1 gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes two MLC1 isoforms via developmentally regulated alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
8355600|In larval muscle and tubular and abdominal muscles of adults, all of the six exons are included in the spliced mRNA, whereas, in the fibrillar indirect flight muscle of adult, exon 5 is excluded from the mRNA.
8355600|We show that this tissue-specific pattern of alternative splicing of the Mlc1 pre-mRNA is conserved in D. simulans, D. pseudoobscura, and D. virilis.
8355600|A comparison of nucleotide substitutions in the coding portions of exon 5 and exon 6, which encode the alternative carboxyl termini of the two MLC1 isoforms, suggests that exon 5 is subject to greater evolutionary constraints than is exon 6.
8358432|We also present evidence for alternative splicing of the FMR-1 gene in mouse and human brain and show that one of these splicing events alters the FMR-1 reading frame, predicting isoforms with novel carboxy termini.
8377193|Both exons 5 are expressed as mRNA, indicating that alternative splicing regulates the expression of two isoforms, a and b, of the SNAP-25 protein.
8377193|The alternative splicing results in a difference of nine amino acid residues between the proteins in a domain demonstrated to be subject to palmitoylation.
8380406|"pp120/ecto-ATPase, an endogenous substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed as two variably spliced isoforms."
8380406|This 53-bp exon undergoes alternative splicing, thereby giving rise to two mRNA variants.
8380406|Because the short isoform of ecto-ATPase lacks the putative sites for tyrosine- and serine-specific phosphorylation, this alternative splicing may have a major effect upon the physiological function of the enzyme.
8382567|The gene encoding the Drosophila protein phosphatase 2A 55 kd regulatory subunit (PR55) is located at 85F and directs the synthesis of differentially spliced transcripts.
8386508|The rodent SSTR2 mRNA has been reported to be alternatively spliced to generate long (SSTR2A) and short (SSTR2B) receptor isoforms which differ in sequence at their C-terminal regulatory domains.
8386508|By extending the 3' nucleotide sequence of the human gene (hSSTR2) we show highly conserved intron/exon boundaries suggesting that hSSTR2 is also capable of generating spliced variants.
8390994|Reverse-transcription PCR analysis of additional rat tissues indicated that alternatively spliced variants of the delta subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II are expressed in a tissue-specific pattern.
8391483|The two isoforms, heart and liver type, were generated by alternative splicing, the liver-type RNA transcript containing a 37-nucleotide sequence as a cassette exon.
8392071|Evidence for different size forms produced by alternative splicing."
8392071|It is likely, therefore, that these two proteins arise from the same gene by alternative splicing.
8392071|In human tissues several transcripts were detected by Northern analysis generated probably by the use of different polyadenylation signals and alternative splicing.
8396237|"Human cells express two differentially spliced forms of topoisomerase II beta mRNA."
8396237|Analysis of genomic DNA clones revealed that the two forms of topoisomerase II beta mRNA arose via differential splicing.
8401496|In general, the splice donors and acceptors located in the 5' portion of the gene demonstrate greater adherence to consensus than those in the 3' end, providing a possible explanation for the finding of alternative splicing in FMR1.
8413205|"Alternative splicing of Pax-8 gene transcripts is developmentally regulated and generates isoforms with different transactivation properties."
8413205|Analysis of the exon-intron structure of Pax-8 revealed that the four mRNA isoforms arise by alternative splicing, resulting in inclusion or exclusion of exon 7 and/or exon 8 sequences.
8413205|A different splice pattern was observed in the developing placenta, which expresses two new variants, Pax-8e and Pax-8f, instead of transcripts b to d.
8413205|Hence, alternative splicing of Pax-8 gene transcripts not only generates six different Pax-8 variants but is also temporally and spatially regulated during early mouse development.
8428948|"Alternative splicing of exons encoding the calmodulin-binding domains and C termini of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase isoforms 1, 2, 3, and 4."
8428948|Rat plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) mRNAs were examined by S1 nuclease protection (isoform 1) and polymerase chain reaction (isoforms 1, 2, 3, and 4) and the corresponding genes were analyzed to determine the tissue-specific splicing patterns involving exons encoding the calmodulin-binding domains and C termini.
8428948|Splicing of PMCA1 involves a single 154-nucleotide exon that can be either included or excluded; when the exon is included four different splice donor sites, at positions 87, 114, 152, and 154, can be utilized.
8428948|PMCA2 mRNAs are generated either by the inclusion of a 172-nucleotide exon, by the inclusion of both the 172-nucleotide exon and a 55-nucleotide exon, or by the exclusion of both exons.
8428948|Four PMCA3 mRNAs arise by alternative splicing of a 154-nucleotide exon, in patterns that are analogous to those of PMCA1, and additional mRNAs are generated by the inclusion of a 68-nucleotide exon immediately before the 154-nucleotide exon.
8428948|The simplest splicing pattern occurs in PMCA4, where a single 175-nucleotide exon is either included or excluded.
8429050|Structural basis for complex combinational patterns of tissue-specific alternative RNA splicing."
8429050|Our results indicate that the mouse protein 4.1 gene, over 90 kilobases long, comprises at least 23 exons (13 constitutive exons, 10 alternative exons) interrupted by 22 introns.
8429050|No significant sequence difference was observed between splice junctions of alternative and constitutive exons.
8429050|Apparently, most alternative exon-encoded peptides are located within particular functional domains of the P4.1 protein: two peptides encoded by alternative exons 4 and 5 are located near or within the glycophorin/calmodulin binding domain, whereas three other alternative exon-encoded peptides (19-amino acid encoded by exon 14, 14-amino acid encoded by exon 15, and 21-amino acid encoded by exon 16) are located near or within the spectrin-actin binding domain.
8429050|Selective use of exon 2', which carries an upstream translation initiation codon (AUG), may produce an elongated P4.1 isoform (135 kDa) that is predominantly expressed in nonerythroid tissues.
8429050|Combinatorial splicing of these exons may generate different isoforms that exhibit complicated tissue-specific expression patterns.
8449401|Peptide sequence information was used to clone and sequence cDNAs encoding alternatively spliced forms of the 100-kD protein.
8455946|"Alternative splicing of the RBP1 gene clusters in an internal exon that encodes potential phosphorylation sites."
8455946|We have isolated cDNA and genomic clones for the human retinoblastoma binding protein 1 (RBP1) gene, and have identified alternative splicing of RBP1 clustered within a 207-nucleotide internal exon.
8455946|However, each of the RBP1 peptides differed within an internal exon that contains potential casein kinase II and p34cdc2 phosphorylation sites.
8455946|The RBP1 gene encodes a widely expressed 200-kDa nuclear protein and undergoes alternative splicing that predicts a family of RB-binding peptides.
8502565|The transcripts are generated by alternative processing in the coding and 3' untranslated regions, and can encode two protein isoforms.
8505332|"The human mRNA encoding the Goodpasture antigen is alternatively spliced."
8505332|In this report, we show that Goodpasture antigen mRNA undergoes processing to at least two alternatively spliced forms in a variety of human tissues, resulting in the exclusion of sequence encoded by either one or two exons.
8505332|Interestingly, no alternatively spliced forms were observed in bovine or rat tissues.
8505332|Furthermore, the antigen sequence was identical in the kidneys of normal and Goodpasture-affected individuals, and no major differences in the expression of the complete and spliced forms were observed.
8510506|"Regional distribution of the alternatively spliced isoforms of beta APP RNA transcript in the brain of normal, heterozygous and homozygous weaver mutant mice as revealed by in situ hybridization histochemistry."
8524307|Analysis of the exon-intron structure revealed that the alpha KAP transcript is derived from the alpha CaMKII gene by alternative promoter usage and RNA splicing.
8526848|AMPD2 genomic and human cerebellum cDNA clones were isolated, sequenced and used as probes in RNase protection analyses which together demonstrated the following: (1) an intervening sequence near the 5'-end of the published AMPD2 cDNA, which affects the predicted N-terminal amino acid sequence of isoform L; (2) alternative transcripts resulting from exon shuffling at, or near, the 5'-end of the AMPD2 gene that exhibit tissue-specific patterns of relative abundance; (3) predicted usage of three different initiation codons to confer variable N-terminal extensions on isoform L polypeptides; and (4) an extension of a 3' untranslated sequence in some AMPD2 transcripts.
8526848|In addition, reverse transcriptase PCR and additional RNase protection analyses were used to map the 5'-ends of two mutually-exclusive exon 1 sequences, both of which contain multiple transcription-initiation sites.
8536968|"Conserved alternative splicing patterns and splicing signals in the Drosophila sodium channel gene para."
8536968|Para protein has been well conserved, and the optional elements at six different sites of alternative splicing in D. melanogaster are present in D. virilis, in addition to one new optional exon.
8536968|Among 31 different splice-types observed in D. virilis, the stage-specific pattern of alternative splicing seen in D. melanogaster is also conserved.
8536968|Comparison of genomic DNA sequence revealed three aspects that vary between alternatively and constitutively used exon sequences.
8536968|Sixteen short blocks (10-75 bp), the only recognizably conserved intron sequence, were disproportionately associated with alternatively used splice sites.
8536968|Silent site substitutions were found much less frequently in alternative than constitutive exon elements, and the degree of match to the Drosophila splice site consensus tended to be lower at less frequently selected alternative splice junctions.
8536968|This study shows that the developmentally regulated variability of para products is highly conserved and therefore likely to be of functional significance and suggests that a variety of different sequence-dependent mechanisms may regulate this pattern of alternative splicing.
8541844|"The pre-mRNA of nuclear respiratory factor 1, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, is alternatively spliced in human tissues and cell lines."
8541844|Analysis of genomic DNA by sequencing, showed that the shorter mRNA is the result of alternative splicing (exon skipping).
8541844|The alternatively spliced transcript was also present in other human cell lines and in several human tissues.
8541844|A quantitative PCR analysis showed that the percentages of the alternatively spliced transcript ranged from 3 to 17%.
8541844|Differences in the percentage of alternatively spliced NRF-1 pre-mRNA may influence mitochondrial biogenesis under variable physiological conditions and could play a role in distinct mitochondrial diseases.
8566798|We have now determined, for the human beta-ADD-encoding gene, its chromosomal localisation, exon-intron organisation and alternative splicing patterns.
8566798|We report here that human beta-ADD is localised on chromosome 2 and we also show a characteristic 3' end alternative splicing of the beta-ADD RNA that generates two distinct beta-ADD families, namely ADD 63 and 97; both of them in turn present a very complex differential splicing pattern in the internal exons.
8576938|Three main regions of alternative splicing within the cTnT coding region were identified using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
8576938|Alternatively spliced RNAs are developmentally regulated and some of the fetal forms are expressed in adult failing heart.
8576938|In the 5' region of the mRNA, isoforms are generated by the inclusion or exclusion of 15-, 3- and 27-nucleotide (nt) sequences and by the inclusion or exclusion of a separate 3-nt sequence.
8576938|In the 3' region of the mRNA, alternative splicing involves a 9-nt sequence which can be present in full, in part or not at all.
8601036|"Primary structure of the long and short splice variants of mouse collagen XII and their tissue-specific expression during embryonic development."
8601036|cDNA cloning/sequencing of chicken alpha 1(XII) collagen and protein studies with mouse, bovine, and human material suggest that the alpha 1(XII) collagen gene gives rise to two molecular variants, differing in the length of the finger-like regions, by alternative splicing of the primary transcript.
8601036|To provide a basis for studies of the function of the two variants in an organism that can be genetically manipulated, we have isolated and sequenced mouse cDNAs encoding both splice variants.
8601036|From these cDNAs we have generated digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes for in situ hybridization of developing mouse embryos to find out whether the splicing mechanism responsible for generation of the two forms is developmentally regulated.
8601036|As the short form becomes the major product, the long splice variant continues to be expressed in several tissues, even after birth.
8601453|"Identification of alternative splicing form of Stat2."
8601453|We identified alternatively spliced forms of Stat2 in human and mouse mRNAs.
8601453|The spliced forms are generated by reading through the intron between exon 20 and 21, which correspond to the region encoding SH2 domain.
8601453|The spliced forms contain a stop codon in SH2 domain, and therefore give rise to a short form of Stat2 when the mRNAs are translated.
8611627|"Characterization of the human AMPD3 gene reveals that 5' exon useage is subject to transcriptional control by three tandem promoters and alternative splicing."
8611627|Previous work has identified multiple human AMPD3 transcripts proposed to differ by mutually exclusive alternative splicing of three exons located at, or near, the 5' end of the gene.
8611627|Together, RT-PCR and additional RNase protection analyses establish that exons 1a, 1b, and 1c are 5' terminal sequences in alternative transcripts.
8611627|Finally, an internal splice acceptor site in exon 1c is shown to be used alternatively to retain the 3' portion of this exon in mature AMPD3 transcripts initiating upstream in exon 1b.
8622695|We have now isolated cDNAs encoding the human homolog of the rat and mouse HNF4 splice variant HNF4 alpha 2, as well as a previously unknown splice variant of this protein, which we called HNF alpha 4.
8622695|By cotransfection experiments in C2 and HeLa cells, we showed that HNF4 gamma is significantly less active than HNF4 alpha 2 and that the novel HNF4 alpha splice variant HNF4 alpha 4 has no detectable transactivation potential.
8622863|Analysis of the genomic sequence suggests that the two isoforms arise by exon skipping.
8624099|Alternative splicing generates functionally related isoforms."
8624099|APP exists in 8 isoforms generated by alternative splicing of exons 7, 8, and 15, of which the L-APP mRNAs lacking exon 15 are ubiquitously expressed in rat tissues but not in neurons.
8624099|Rat APLP2, the nearest relative of APP, is similarly expressed in 4 different isoforms due to alternative splicing of inserts encoding a Kunitz protease inhibitor domain (KPI, homologous to exon 7 of APP) and a divergent region of 12 amino acids on the NH2-terminal side of the transmembrane domain (12 aa exon).
8624099|Further examination of the divergent domains in APP and APLP2 harboring the similarly alternatively spliced APP exon 15 and the 12 aa exon of APLP2 revealed some structural similarities of the amino acid sequences and the predicted secondary structures.
8624099|Thus, a related function of the divergent domains and the corresponding alternatively spliced APP and APLP2 isoforms in regulation of the binding properties of the ectodomain is suggested.
8626529|Two alternatively spliced mRNAs for p230 were detected.
8632903|"The human tumour suppressor gene p53 is alternatively spliced in normal cells."
8632903|Alternative splicing affecting the p53 carboxy-terminus has previously been described in mouse but not in normal human cells.
8632903|We report here the detection in normal human lymphocytes of an alternatively spliced form of human p53 mRNA containing an additional 133 bp exon derived from intron 9.
8632903|This splice variant encodes a truncated protein of 341 amino-acids including 10 new amino-acids derived from the novel exon.
8632903|Quantitative RT-PCR experiments suggest that the alternatively spliced form is only present in significant amounts in quiescent cells.
8632903|Considering the numerous functions ascribed to the carboxy-terminus of the p53 protein, this splice variant may have important implications for the biological role of p53 in normal cells.
8634147|"A large variety of alternatively spliced and differentially expressed mRNAs are encoded by the human acute myeloid leukemia gene AML1."
8634147|Sequencing revealed that their size differences were mainly due to alternatively spliced 5' and 3' untranslated regions, some of which were vast, exceeding 1.5 kb (5') and 4.3 kb (3').
8634147|Further heterogeneity was found in the coding region due to the presence of alternatively spliced stop codon-containing exons.
8647458|"The gene encoding human ribosomal protein S24 and tissue-specific expression of differentially spliced mRNAs."
8647458|RT-PCR analyses of S24 mRNAs from multiple human tissues and cell lines revealed two mRNA isoforms which differ from each other, as well as murine S24 mRNAs due to alternative exon splices near the 3' end of the gene.
8654373|These protein kinases correspond to alternatively spliced isoforms derived from the JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 genes.
8654933|"Alternative splicing of the Drosophila melanogaster rotundRacGAP gene."
8654933|Previous sequence analysis of rn genomic DNA and incomplete cDNA clones suggested that at least two differentially spliced forms of the transcript exist, rnRacGAP(1) and rnRacGAP(2).
8660998|These data indicate the presence of multiple mMIWC isoforms with distinct N-termini encoded by mRNAs produced by distinct transcriptional units and alternative splicing.
8661021|The gene contains 106 exons, of which two are alternatively spliced.
8661021|Analysis of the gene has confirmed published errors in the human RYR1 cDNA and confirmed the structure of two alternatively spliced exons.
8661131|Cloning and analysis of the murine gene revealed at least eight potential protein isoforms that share a common carboxyl region, encoded by exons 2 and 3, but possess different amino termini, generated by alternative splicing of RNA encoded by multiple 5' exons (exons 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D).
8666381|"Structure of the human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein gene and multiple alternative spliced isoforms."
8666381|We report here the organization of the human MOG gene, which spans approximately 17 kb, and the characterization of six MOG mRNA splicing variants.
8666381|The intron/exon structure of the human MOG gene confirmed the splicing pattern, supporting the hypothesis that mRNA isoforms could arise by alternative splicing of a single gene.
8666381|In addition to the eight exons coding for the major MOG isoform, the human MOG gene also contains, in the 3' region, a previously unknown alternatively spliced coding exon, VIA.
8666381|Alternative utilization of two acceptor splicing sites for exon VIII could produce two different C-termini.
8707840|p45 and p58 appear to be generated by alternative splicing, with p45 containing the NH2-terminal FG repeat region and the coiled-coil region of p58.
8710890|Two isoforms of KAP3 exist [KAP3A (793 aa) and KAP3B (772 aa)], generated by alternative splicing in the carboxyl terminus region.
8733129|Northern analysis of CLH-22 suggests that several alternatively spliced transcripts exist.
8733129|A presumably single, 171 bp long alternatively spliced exon has been characterized.
8733131|Two alternatively spliced VHL mRNAs characterized by inclusion (isoform I) or exclusion (isoform II) of exon 2 are transcribed in adult tissues.
8735594|"Expression of human relaxin genes: characterization of a novel alternatively-spliced human relaxin mRNA species."
8735594|Sequencing of human and chimpanzee PCR products, and human relaxin genomic clones, revealed that the larger product arises from an alternatively-spliced relaxin mRNA species incorporating an extra exon.
8742636|Mlc1 pre-mRNA is alternatively spliced, and one constraint is that signals necessary for tissue-specificity of directed splicing must be conserved.
8742636|A clear departure from a neutral prediction was seen in the excess folding free energy predicted for the introns flanking the alternatively spliced exon.
8747539|Several arguments pointed out that the Rev-erb beta 2 cDNA may originate from the same gene as Rev-erb beta 1 by alternative splicing and using a different polyadenylation site.
8755520|Our results indicate that (i) DP-2 encodes at least five distinct mRNAs, (ii) a site of alternative splicing occurs within the 5' untranslated region of DP-2 mRNA, (iii) at least three DP-2-related proteins (of 55, 48, and 43 kDa) are expressed in vivo, (iv) each of these proteins is phosphorylated, and (v) one DP-2 protein (43 kDa) carries a truncated amino terminus.
8755520|Our data also strongly suggest that the 55-kDa DP-2-related protein is a novel DP-2 isoform that results from alternative splicing.
8764830|Two alternative 5' exons (1A and 1B) are remotely located upstream, whereas the other seventeen are compressed into the 3' terminal one-half of the gene.
8769566|"Alternative splicing gives rise to two isoforms of Zfhep, a zinc finger/homeodomain protein that binds T3-response elements."
8769566|However, the Zfhep-2 clone does not contain the extreme 5'-exon(s) of the Zfhep-1 coding sequence, possibly due to alternative splicing of Zfhep RNA.
8769566|Hence, two mRNAs are expressed in these tissues, confirming the alternative splicing.
8786121|"Structure of the human laminin gamma 2 chain gene (LAMC2): alternative splicing with different tissue distribution of two transcripts."
8786121|The gene analysis demonstrated that two previously described different size gamma 2 chain cDNAs (Kallunki et al., 1992, J. Cell Biol. 119: 679-693) are the result of alternative splicing.
8786121|The longer gamma 2 chain is formed by using the coding sequence of the last exon 23, while the shorter gamma 2* chain is formed by using only 22 exons, together with part of the 5' end of intron 22.
8798761|"Tissue-specific alternative splicing generates two synaptojanin isoforms with differential membrane binding properties."
8798761|Here, we demonstrate that the two synaptojanin isoforms are generated by the alternative use of an exon containing the stop codon.
8809036|3In-frame insertions corresponding to eight and ten amino acid residues were found in two of the ten cDNAs isolated, suggesting that novel, alternatively spliced transcripts of the hRyR-2 gene might exist.
8816464|"A splicing variant of the RON transcript induces constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and an invasive phenotype."
8816464|The deleted transcript originates by an alternatively spliced cassette exon of 147 bp, flanked by two short introns.
8824161|"Alternatively spliced Ly-49D and H transcripts are found in IL-2-activated NK cells."
8833145|Multiple promoters rather than alternative splicing of internal exons seem to be involved in this diversity.
8833243|"Expression and differential splicing of the mouse TSC2 homolog."
8856662|We have isolated human cDNAs encoding p150Glued as well as a 135-kDa isoform; these isoforms are expressed in human brain by alternative mRNA splicing of the human DCTN1 gene.
8898193|Splicing replaces the C-terminal tail of Hac1p with a different peptide that renders Hac1p more resistant to an otherwise extremely rapid ubiquitin-dependent degradation.
8906861|Three members, PACE4, PC4 and PC5, exhibit alternative splicing of their RNAs resulting in the generation of multiple isoforms differing in their C- or N-terminal segments.
8906861|We report the existence of a new isoform, termed PACE4-CS, which is a C-terminally shortened version of PACE4-C.
8917110|"Alternate splice-site utilization in the gene for the catalytic subunit of the DNA-activated protein kinase, DNA-PKcs."
8940129|Thus, the rEP1-variant receptor is translated from mRNA which is not spliced at nucleotide position 952 in the segment VI transmembrane region.
8955666|"Cloning, DNA sequence, and alternative splicing of opossum amelogenin mRNAs."
8955666|RNA messages were cloned that encode 202- and 57-residue amelogenins, which are presumed to be expressed from the same gene but differ due to alternative splicing of identical pre-mRNAs.
8955667|"Cloning, cDNA sequence, and alternative splicing of porcine amelogenin mRNAs."
8955667|The variability generated through the use of alternate promoters and exon 7s primarily affects the non-coding regions of the message.
8955667|Similarly, the alternative use of exon 7 does not alter the structure of the protein products.
8955667|The pattern of RNA splicing of amelogenin pre-mRNAs is different for the transcripts expressed from the two promoters.
8964514|The novel isoform, hHNF-4C, is identical to hHNF-4A and B in the regions encompassing the DNA-binding and dimerization domains, but contains a different C-terminal domain.
8995377|An FP prostanoid receptor isoform, which appears to arise from alternative mRNA splicing, has been cloned from a mid-cycle ovine large cell corpus luteum library.
8995377|The isoform, named the FP(B) receptor, is identical to the original isoform, the FP(A), throughout the seven transmembrane domains, but diverges nine amino acids into the carboxyl terminus.
8995377|The FP(A) isoform appears to arise by the failure to utilize a potential splice site, while a 3.2-kilobase pair intron is spliced out from the FP gene to generate the FP(B) isoform mRNA.
9013606|The expression of alpha1C subunits is characterized by alternative splicing, which generates its multiple isoforms.
9013606|cDNA cloning points to a diversity of human hippocampus alpha1C transcripts in the region of exons 40-43 that encode a part of the 662-amino acid carboxyl terminus.
9013606|We compared electrophysiological properties of the well defined 2138-amino acid alpha1C,77 channel isoform with two splice variants, alpha1C,72 and alpha1C,86.
9013606|They contain alterations in the carboxyl terminus due to alternative splicing of exons 40-42.
9013606|When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, all three splice variants retained high sensitivity toward dihydropyridine blockers but showed large differences in gating properties.
9013954|Recently, variably spliced isoforms of CD6 mRNA have been identified in both human and murine T cells.
9013954|These transcripts arise via variable splicing of exons encoding the cytoplasmic domain of CD6.
9013954|The existence of these isoforms suggests that signaling through CD6 could be regulated via alternative splicing of cytoplasmic encoding exons.
9016624|"Nuclear and mitochondrial uracil-DNA glycosylases are generated by alternative splicing and transcription from different positions in the UNG gene."
9016624|The alternative N-terminal sequence in UNG2 arises by splicing of a previously unrecognized exon (exon 1A) into a consensus splice site after codon 35 in exon 1B (previously designated exon 1).
9048911|Variable splicing was seen in the OCRL1 transcript, involving a small 24-bp exon.
9070863|Sequence variation between the two forms is restricted to the extreme 5'-end of the adenosine kinase mRNA, including a portion of the coding region, and is consistent with differential splicing of a single transcriptional product.
9074508|"Human gene encoding CD38 (ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase): organization, nucleotide sequence and alternative splicing."
9074508|In this study, we determined the structure of the human CD38 gene, and showed that two mRNA forms originated by alternative splicing from the CD38 gene.
9084407|"Four 5-hydroxytryptamine7 (5-HT7) receptor isoforms in human and rat produced by alternative splicing: species differences due to altered intron-exon organization."
9084407|Previous studies suggested that alternative splicing might contribute to 5-HT7 receptor diversity as well.
9084407|We now report that alternative splicing in human and rat tissues produces four 5-HT7 receptor isoforms that differ in their predicted C-terminal intracellular tails.
9084407|Rat 5-HT7(a) [448-amino acid (aa)] and 5-HT7(b) (435-aa) forms arise from alternative splice donor sites.
9084407|Tissue-specific splicing differences are present in human between brain and spleen.
9084407|These studies suggest that alternative splicing may contribute to diversity of 5-HT7 receptor action and that the human and rat repertoires of 5-HT7 splice variants are substantially different.
9087614|"Properties of three COOH-terminal splice variants of a human cardiac L-type Ca2+-channel alpha1-subunit."
9087614|There is growing evidence for diversity of cardiac-type (class C) voltage-dependent calcium-channel alpha1-subunits arising from the alternative splicing of a primary transcript.
9087614|In this study, we show the existence of carboxy-terminal variability in the human cardiac alpha1-gene by genomic cloning.
9087614|We found that the genomic DNA segment encoding the COOH-terminal tail of the protein is composed of nine invariable and two alternative exons.
9087614|The alternative utilization of these latter two exons gives rise to the formation of three message variants for this region.
9093853|"Genomic organization and evolution of alternative exons in a Drosophila calcium channel gene."
9093853|Thirty-four exons, distributed over 45 kb of genomic sequence, have been identified and mapped, including exons in three regions involved in alternative splicing and new sites potentially involved in RNA editing.
9093853|Phylogenetic analysis of the mutually exclusive alternative exons revealed that they have diverged considerably.
9111516|Two cytoplasmic variants, A and B, have been identified for each of these alpha subunits, although the alpha 3B splice variant has been detected only at the mRNA level.
9116031|"Amyloid precursor protein in guinea pigs--complete cDNA sequence and alternative splicing."
9116031|By alternative splicing of three exons transcripts encoding for 695, 714 and 751 amino acids and all forms previously denoted as L-APP are also generated.
9144434|"cDNA cloning and tissue-specific expression of a novel basic helix-loop-helix/PAS protein (BMAL1) and identification of alternatively spliced variants with alternative translation initiation site usage."
9144434|Combination of the isolated cDNA fragments revealed the existence of several alternatively spliced variants.
9799106|"Structure and alternative splicing of the ketohexokinase gene."
9799106|Exon 3a and exon 3c are mutually exclusively spliced into KHK mRNA.
9799106|This exon-intron structure and the pattern of alternative splicing are conserved in both the rat and mouse, suggesting distinct conserved functions for the two KHK isoforms.
9799106|The alternative splicing is also tissue specific, since in both rat and human, tissues expressing high levels of KHK (liver, kidney and duodenum) utilise exclusively the 3c exon, while other tissues use only 3a.
9799106|Furthermore, comparison of human foetal and adult tissues indicates a developmental splicing shift from use of exon 3a to exon 3c.
9799602|Here, we report the exon-intron structure of DCTN1 along with characterization of the 5' upstream sequence and alternative splice variants previously identified by Tokito et al. (1996), Mol. Biol. Cell 7: 1167-1180).
9819414|In addition, we identified a presumed splice variant isoform of SNX1 (SNX1A).
9827539|"Genomic organisation, alternative splicing and primary structure of human matrilin-4."
9827539|Alternative splicing leads to three different mRNAs.
9838088|"Cloning of a third member of the D52 gene family indicates alternative coding sequence usage in D52-like transcripts."
9838088|The identified hD54 cDNAs predicted three hD54 isoforms, suggesting that alternatively-spliced transcripts may be produced from D52-like genes.
9838088|Alternative splicing of sequences encoding two regions, termed ins2 and ins3, was identified in one or more D52-like genes, with these alternative splicing events being differentially regulated.
9838088|The functional consequences of alternative splicing were examined by characterizing the protein-protein interactions mediated by a truncated hD53 isoform within the yeast two-hybrid system.
9838088|This hD53 isoform displayed altered interaction capabilities with respect to those of full-length hD53, suggesting that alternative splicing within the D52 gene family functions in part to alter the protein-protein interaction capabilities of encoded isoforms.
9838113|The two isoforms are identical over the entire sequence except for the carboxyl terminal sequence spanning less than 30 amino acids.
9840940|"Genomic architecture and transcriptional activation of the mouse and human tumor susceptibility gene TSG101: common types of shorter transcripts are true alternative splice variants."
9840940|The presence of these so far unidentified introns now explains published data on aberrantly spliced mRNA products that were frequently observed in primary breast tumors.
9840940|We show that a majority of shorter TSG101 transcripts are not the result of aberrant splicing events, but represent a fraction of true alternative splice variants.
9858543|"Alternative splicing results in differential expression, activity, and localization of the two forms of arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase, a component of the N-end rule pathway."
9858543|The Ate1 mRNAs are produced through a most unusual alternative splicing that retains one or the other of the two homologous 129-bp exons, which are adjacent in the mouse Ate1 gene.
9858543|Human ATE1 also contains the alternative 129-bp exons, whereas the plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) and fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Ate1 genes encode a single form of ATE1p.
9873005|"Alternatively spliced variant of Smad2 lacking exon 3.
9873005|An alternatively spliced variant of Smad2 with a deletion of exon 3 (Smad2Deltaexon3) is found in various cell types.
9873005|Here, we studied the function of Smad2Deltaexon3 and compared it with those of wild-type Smad2 containing exon 3 (Smad2(wt)) and Smad3.
9879064|"Genomic organization and expression of the CXCR4 gene in mouse and man: absence of a splice variant corresponding to mouse CXCR4-B in human tissues."
9879064|In the mouse, alternative RNA splicing produces two transcripts encoding two CXCR4 isoforms, mCXCR4-A and mCXCR4-B, differing by the presence of two amino acids in the amino terminal portion of the longer protein, mCXCR4-B.
9916013|"Differential splicing and expression of the relaxin-like factor gene in reproductive tissues of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)."
9916013|Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed this expression and showed that in the corpus luteum, testis, and epididymis, a second, alternative RLF gene transcript was present that is expressed at low levels and that appears to be derived by differential splicing of a novel exon.
9916013|Alternative splicing introduces a novel exon 1A between exons 1 and 2, which leads to an altered open reading frame, with a new stop codon, such that if translated, the novel transcript will encode a truncated polypeptide comprising a C-terminally extended B-domain.
9916847|We report here characterization of the ACVR2B genomic structure, analysis of ACVR2B splice variants, and screening for ACVR2B mutations among 112 sporadic and 14 familial cases of LR axis malformations.
9925916|"Identification, genomic organization, and alternative splicing of KNSL3, a novel human gene encoding a kinesin-like protein."
9925916|We determined its genomic organization and detected four alternatively spliced transcripts.
9925916|Alternative splicing, along with the multiplicity of genes in the molecular family that includes KNSL3, produce diversity among the C-terminal ends of kinesins.
9929394|"The long terminal repeat of an endogenous retrovirus induces alternative splicing and encodes an additional carboxy-terminal sequence in the human leptin receptor."
9929394|This type of regulatory pathway is illustrated by the alternative splicing in the human leptin receptor (OBR).
9929394|OBRa and OBRb are the two major, alternatively spliced forms of the leptin receptor, called the "short form" and the "long form," respectively.
9929394|We report that the OBRa short form is the result of a double splicing event which occurs within the LTR of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-K.
9929394|Working as a switch of alternative splicing, this LTR also encodes the terminal 67 amino acid residues in OBRa.
9931435|Although both transcripts share the first nine exons, exon 10 of ZIS-2 is lacking in ZIS-1, and instead, exon 11 (10th exon) of ZIS-1 is larger in size, leading to the longer 3'-UTR.
9931435|Thus, the two transcripts result from differential splicing.
9931435|There were several other transcripts that may be alternatively processed forms of the human ZIS.
10022980|RT-PCR analysis detected three splice variant isoforms in various mouse tissues, and interestingly one isoform was conserved in human, suggesting potential biological relevance of this product.
10037775|Alternative splice donor utilization generates isoforms with different sensitivity to ornithine inhibition."
10037775|The short cDNA has a 2379-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 793 residues; the long cDNA, generated by "exon sliding," a form of alternative splicing, contains an additional 6-bp insert following bp +711 of the short form resulting in inclusion of two additional amino acids in the region predicted to be the gamma-glutamyl kinase active site of P5CS.
10049781|Analysis of mouse genomic DNA showed that the deleted cDNA was generated by an alternative splicing mechanism.
10049781|Surprisingly, the spliced form lacking the first Kunitz domain was a predominant transcript in all tissues of mice tested but not in those of human as assessed by RT-PCR analysis.
10064080|Because of alternative splicing, there are two types of transcripts encoding mLARC and its variant mLARCvar with and without an N-terminal alanine in the mature protein, respectively.
10072776|"Dorsal-B, a splice variant of the Drosophila factor Dorsal, is a novel Rel/NF-kappaB transcriptional activator."
10072776|Here, we present evidence that the primary transcript of dorsal can be alternatively spliced, generating Dorsal-B, a new Rel/NF-kappaB family member.
10072776|Analysis of the dorsal-B expression pattern indicates that the splicing is tissue-specific and excludes a putative role in early embryogenesis.
10208879|"The mouse ortholog of the human SMARCB1 gene encodes two splice forms."
10208879|By using an EST-based approach, we cloned two splice forms of the Smarcb1 gene in mouse and a longer splice form of the human ortholog.
10233168|"Expression and differential intracellular localization of two major forms of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase encoded by alternatively spliced OGG1 mRNAs."
10233168|We identified seven alternatively spliced forms of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) mRNAs, classified into two types based on their last exons (type 1 with exon 7: 1a and 1b; type 2 with exon 8: 2a to 2e).
10234503|We also describe a third alternative spliced PAX6 isoform in which two of the four missense mutations would be spliced out.
10328932|"Evolutionarily conserved, alternative splicing of reelin during brain development."
10328932|In the present study, we identify two uncommon, evolutionarily conserved splicing events in the 3' part of the transcript that result in different forms of the protein.
10328932|First, a 6-nucleotide, brain-specific microexon is skipped in about 10% of reelin RNA.
10328932|Both alternative splicing events are present in mouse, rat, and man, suggesting that the corresponding reelin forms are functionally important.
10329007|"Human minibrain homologue (MNBH/DYRK1): characterization, alternative splicing, differential tissue expression, and overexpression in Down syndrome."
10329007|We describe here the MNBH full-length transcript, alternative splicing, expression profile, and genomic organization.
10329007|Four alternative splicing events affecting the C-terminus of the protein yield at least four isoforms of MNBH (MNBH-iso1, MNBH-iso2, MNBH-iso3, and MNBH-iso4).
10330140|"Differential and inefficient splicing of a broadly expressed Drosophila erect wing transcript results in tissue-specific enrichment of the vital EWG protein isoform."
10330140|In this report, we document an unusual mode of tissue-enriched gene expression that is primarily mediated by alternative and inefficient splicing.
10330140|Our analyses shows that erect wing transcript consists of 10 exons and is alternatively spliced and that a subset of introns are inefficiently spliced.
10330140|We also show that the 116-kDa EWG protein-encoding splice isoform is head enriched.
10330140|Thus, the enrichment of the 116-kDa protein in heads is ensured by tissue-specific alternative and inefficient splicing and not by transcriptional regulation.
10330180|ficP is an intronic mutation occurring in the Btk gene, a gene which encodes two forms (type 1 and type 2) of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) family cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase as a result of alternative exon usage.
10336645|Recently, we reported the human 88-kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) cDNA sequence, as well as extensive alternative splicing of the iPLA2 mRNA.
10336645|Based on the iPLA2 gene organization the splice variants can be explained.
10336645|In summary, these results demonstrate that alternative splicing of the human iPLA2 transcript generates multiple iPLA2 isoforms with distinct tissue distribution and cellular localization.
10358178|This is due to alternative splice/polyadenylation events that lead to the predominant synthesis of two long isoforms in naive T cells and a shorter NF-ATc isoform in effector T cells.
10366449|Alternative splicing of several exons in all tissues predicts the generation of several protein isoforms.
10375644|The embryonic cDNA is 10525bp long and is a splice variant of the head cDNA.
10403775|We investigated the different splicing forms previously described in human and rodents.
10406956|Exon 9 was subjected to alternative splicing.
10419532|"Structural variation of type XII collagen at its carboxyl-terminal NC1 domain generated by tissue-specific alternative splicing."
10419532|Through genomic DNA analyses, two alternative exons were identified, each of which contained the variable NC1 sequence.
10419532|With the amino-terminal NC3 splicing alternatives, we propose here a new descriptive nomenclature: types XIIA-1 and XIIB-1 which include a long NC1 sequence encoded by exon 1 (from the 3'-end), and types XIIA-2 and XIIB-2 which include a short NC1 sequence encoded by exon 2.
10440730|The transcripts share 3' exons, but each has its own 5' exon.
10449904|The human OGG1 gene corresponding to the isoform 1 transcripts, consists of seven exons, spanning 7,421 bps, while an alternative additional exon, utilized for isoform 2, is located approximately 9 kb downstream.
10449920|"Coding region intron/exon organization, alternative splicing, and X-chromosome inactivation of the KRAB/FPB-domain-containing human zinc finger gene ZNF41."
10449920|Since the KRAB/FPB-A and KRAB/FPB-B modules are encoded by dedicated exons in ZNF41 and paralogous genes, exon skipping may lead to differential usage of these modules in alternative gene products.
10449920|RT-PCR analysis of ZNF41 mRNAs showed that, while skipping of the KRAB/FPB-A and/or KRAB/FPB-B exons was not detected, the use of alternative donor/acceptor sites upstream of the KRAB/FPB-A exon generates multiple ZNF41 transcripts potentially encoding polypeptides differing in the N-terminal region and expressed in different tissues.
10488131|"The mammalian HSF4 gene generates both an activator and a repressor of heat shock genes by alternative splicing."
10488131|Here, we have determined the exon structure of the human HSF4 gene and identified a major new isoform, HSF4b, derived by alternative RNA splicing events, in addition to a previously reported HSF4a isoform.
10488131|These results suggest that differential splicing of HSF4 mRNA gives rise to both an inhibitor and activator of tissue-specific heat shock gene expression.
10508862|The second C2 domain is subject to differential splicing.
10531593|"Alternative splicing of lactophorin mRNA from lactating mammary gland of the camel (Camelus dromedarius)."
10531593|The N-terminal heterogeneity of the protein was a result of alternative mRNA splicing.
10544017|"Identification of three new alternate human kallikrein 2 transcripts: evidence of long transcript and alternative splicing."
10544017|We also identified a third spliced form of the hKLK2 gene produced by alternative splicing between intron III and exon 4.
10544017|The identification of long hKLK2 transcript and an alternative spliced form of the hKLK2 gene indicates that regulation of the gene is complex.
10548410|"Structure and alternative splicing of the gene encoding alpha1G, a human brain T calcium channel alpha1 subunit."
10548410|Alternative splicing of the RNA occurs at six sites: cassette exons 14, 26, 34 and 35, an internal donor in exon 25 and protein-coding intron 38B.
10548410|Alternative splicing of CACNA1G RNA may lead to expression of as many as 24 distinct protein products, ranging from 2171 to 2377 amino-acids residues.
10556294|An unusually high number of 14 alternatively spliced exons, 11 of them directly splicing into plectin exon 2, were identified.
10556294|In addition, we found two short exons tissue-specifically spliced into a highly conserved set of exons encoding the N-terminal actin binding domain (ABD), common to plectin and the superfamily of spectrin/dystrophin-type actin binding proteins.
10556294|Using recombinant proteins we show that a novel ABD version contained in the muscle-specific isoform of plectin exhibits significantly higher actin binding activity than other splice forms.
10556294|This fine tuning mechanism based on alternative splicing is likely to optimize the proposed biological role of plectin as a cytolinker opposing intense mechanical forces in tissues like striated muscle.
10559234|"ESkine, a novel beta-chemokine, is differentially spliced to produce secretable and nuclear targeted isoforms."
10559234|ESkine is produced as two splice variants.
10559234|This differential splicing arises as a result of alternative 5' exon usage.
10559234|These differentially spliced forms are expressed at discrete tissue loci.
10564811|"Alternative splicing regulates the production of ARD-1 endoribonuclease and NIPP-1, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1, as isoforms encoded by the same gene."
10564811|Here we show that ARD-1 exists in human cells as a discrete protein, and that the ARD-1 and NIPP-1 peptides are isoforms encoded by a single gene and the same alternatively spliced precursor RNA.
10580159|"Cloning of the murine unconventional myosin gene Myo9b and identification of alternative splicing."
10580159|In addition, we have identified two alternatively spliced exons.
10580159|A third splice form utilizing an alternative reading frame within the 3'UTR is also described.
10581174|We also demonstrate the presence of an alternative splicing event around exon 13, whose sequence, position, and expression is analogous in rat Add3 gene.
10602987|"The mouse adducin gene family: alternative splicing and chromosomal localization."
10602987|The purified clones contain alternatively spliced exons from all three adducin genes.
10602987|In the case of alpha and beta, the inclusion of the alternatively spliced exons results in truncated polypeptide isoforms (called alpha-2 and beta-2).
10602991|Pde4a encodes at least two different transcripts, each generated by alternative mRNA splicing and the use of alternative promoters.
10625662|"The calcium sensing receptor and its alternatively spliced form in murine epidermal differentiation."
10625662|We have recently reported that human keratinocytes express both the full-length calcium sensing receptor (CaR) and an alternatively spliced form lacking exon 5, which were suggested to be involved in calcium induced keratinocyte differentiation.
10625662|Our results show that both the full-length and the alternatively spliced variant lacking exon 5 encoding 77 amino acids of the extracellular domain were expressed in mouse epidermis.
10625662|The deletion of the full-length CaR increased the production of the alternatively spliced form of CaR in mutant mice.
10625662|These results indicate that CaR is important in epidermal differentiation, and that the alternatively spliced form does not fully compensate for loss of the full-length CaR.
10675041|PCR analyses of the cDNAs from human tissues showed the presence of various splicing variants with regard to the 5'-region including exons 1, 2 and 3.
10679207|"Alternative splicing of gar-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans G-protein-linked acetylcholine receptor gene."
10679207|Here we report that three receptor isoforms are generated by alternative splicing of the gar-1 transcript.
10679207|The three splice variants, when expressed in Xenopus oocyte, displayed similar pharmacological profiles and signaling activities.
10679207|The results in this study provide evidence that alternative splicing is involved in promoting molecular diversity of G-protein-linked ACh receptors.
10694485|betaTRCP2A of 508 amino acids lacks exons 2 and 3, betaTRCP2B of 529 amino acids contains exon 3, and betaTRCP2C of 542 amino acids contains exon 2.
10694485|These results indicate that three betaTRCP2 isoforms are transcribed due to alternative splicing.
10699176|We cloned the full-length canine RPGR cDNA and three additional splice variants.
10699176|No disease-causing mutation was found in the RPGR-coding sequence of the four splice variants characterized, a finding similar to approximately 80% of human XLRP patients whose disease maps to the RP3 locus.
10699176|In addition, there were no significant differences in the proportional expression of each splice variant in normal and pre-degenerate XLPRA-affected retina.
10699176|Expression of all RPGR splice variants increased later in the disease, when retinas were undergoing active degeneration.
10699184|"Constitutive and regulated modes of splicing produce six major myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) isoforms with distinct properties."
10699184|Using a transgenic DMPK-overexpressor mouse model, we demonstrate here that the endogenous mouse DMPK gene and the human DMPK transgene produce six major alternatively spliced mRNAs which have almost identical cell type-dependent distribution frequencies and expression patterns.
10699184|Use of a cryptic 5' splice site in exon 8, which results in absence or presence of 15 nucleotides specifying a VSGGG peptide motif, and/or use of a cryptic 3' splice site in exon 14, which leads to a frameshift in the mRNA reading frame, occur as independent stochastic events in all tissues examined.
10699184|In contrast, the excision of exons 13/14 that causes a frameshift and creates a C-terminally truncated protein is clearly cell type dependent and occurs predominantly in smooth muscle.
10699184|We generated all six full-length mouse cDNAs that result from combinations of these three major splicing events and show that their transfection into cells in culture leads to production of four different approximately 74 kDa full-length (heart-, skeletal muscle- or brain-specific) and two C-terminally truncated approximately 68 kDa (smooth muscle-specific) isoforms.
10702241|We also identified multiple alternatively spliced variants for each isoform.
10702241|Reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction revealed that one splicing variant of the a1 isoform (a1-I) was expressed only in brain, whereas two other variants (a1-II and a1-III) were expressed in tissues other than brain.
10702241|These alternatively spliced forms differ in the presence or absence of 6-7 amino acid residues near the amino and carboxyl termini of the proteins encoded.
10702241|The a3 isoform is also encoded by three alternatively spliced variants, two of which are predicted to encode a protein that is truncated near the border of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of the a subunit and therefore lacks the integral transmembrane-spanning helices thought to participate in proton translocation.
10705342|We have identified two novel family members as well as several novel transcriptional splice variants from both human and mouse colon cDNA libraries.
10721716|The structure of the gene explains much of the observed diversity in glycogenin-2 cDNA sequences as being due to alternate exon usage.
10721716|In some cases, there is variation in the splice junctions used.
10733566|IKKalpha-DeltaH and IKKalpha-DeltaLH are differentially spliced isoforms of the IKKalpha mRNA lacking its HLH domain and both its LZip and HLH domains, respectively.
10733566|IKKalpha is the major RNA species in most murine cells and tissues, except for activated T lymphocytes and the brain, where the alternatively spliced isoforms predominate.
10748113|Like RIM1, RIM2 contains an N-terminal zinc finger domain that binds to Rab3 as a function of GTP, a central PDZ domain, and two C-terminal C(2) domains that are separated by long alternatively spliced sequences.
10751314|"Alternatively spliced isoforms of the rat eye sodium/calcium+potassium exchanger NCKX1."
10751314|The sequence of independent rat NCKX1 clones and the analysis of rat eye mRNA by RT-PCR revealed a region of alternative splicing that comprised four exons and encoded a stretch of 113 amino acids near the beginning of the large cytosolic loop.
10751314|The only exception was the region of the cytosolic loop encoded by the second alternatively spliced exon, which was approximately 60% identical.
10751314|Surface delivery and potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchange activity were observed for each spliced variant.
10756098|Isolation of the Lhx9 gene showed that Lhx9 and Lhx9alpha are coded by six exons spanning 10 kb of genomic sequence and that Lhx9alpha is an isoform generated by alternative splicing of the fifth exon.
10756202|"The human LEF-1 gene contains a promoter preferentially active in lymphocytes and encodes multiple isoforms derived from alternative splicing."
10756202|Characterization of the full-length human LEF-1 gene locus and its complete set of mRNA products shows that this family member exists as a unique set of alternatively spliced isoforms; none are homologous to TCF-1E/TCF-4E.
10756202|Expression of alternatively spliced LEF-1 isoforms are driven by a promoter that is highly active in lymphocyte cell lines.
10773664|Several other cDNAs have been isolated, which may result from alternative splicing events and have the potential to code for three different protein isoforms.
10783263|Those experiments demonstrated that a small number of SULT1C1 transcripts contained an "insert," which we later showed resulted from alternative splicing that involved an Alu sequence in intron 3 of SULT1C1.
10833333|"The tissue-specific, alternatively spliced single ATG exon of the type 3 voltage-dependent anion channel gene does not create a truncated protein isoform in vivo."
10833333|Recently, we reported that a single codon (ATG) exon is alternatively spliced into the transcript of the type 3 voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC3) in a tissue-specific fashion.
10833333|This unusual splicing event was shown to be conserved between mouse and human, and we theorized that the spliced exon could lead to the creation of an alternative translational initiation site.
10833333|From these in vivo studies, we conclude that the alternatively spliced exon results in the insertion of a single methionine residue at amino acid position 39 of the mature VDAC3 protein.
10843806|We also identified alternative polyadenylation sites and alternative splicing; thus, as many as 12 mRNA variants and six putative protein isoforms could be produced.
10858452|"First apyrase splice variants have different enzymatic properties."
10858452|We further show that there is at least one alternatively spliced variant, hLALP70v, which can be generated via an alternative splice side at the 3'-end of exon 7, leading to a protein variant differing in 8 amino acids (VSFASSQQ).
10858452|This is the first splice variant that has been described in the apyrase protein family.
10858452|Comparison of the enzymatic properties of the splice variants revealed a broader substrate specificity for hLALP70v with CTP, UDP, CDP, GTP, and GDP as preferred substrates, while hLALP70 utilized UTP and TTP preferentially.
10903124|Alternatively spliced transcripts could be detected that predict several long isoforms (six C2 domains) in humans and mice and short isoforms (three C2 domains) only in humans.
10921894|"Developmentally regulated, alternative splicing of the Rpn10 gene generates multiple forms of 26S proteasomes."
10921894|Here we report that mouse Rpn10 mRNAs occur in at least five distinct forms, named Rpn10a to Rpn10e, and that they are generated from a single gene by developmentally regulated, alternative splicing.
10978502|We previously reported the structure of the human hexokinase type I (HKI) gene and provided direct evidence of an alternative red blood cell-specific exon 1 located in the 5' flanking region of the gene.
10978502|This study shows that a single human HKI gene spanning at least 100 kb encodes multiple transcripts that are generated by alternative splicing of different 5' exons.
10995766|Two isoforms differing in their C termini are expressed due to alternative splicing.
11003600|"Splice variants of a ClC-2 chloride channel with differing functional characteristics."
11003600|An internal donor site occurring within one of the exons accounts for the deletion, consistent with alternative splicing.
11003600|The presence of a splice variant of ClC-2 modified in its NH(2)-terminal domain could have functional consequences in tissues where their relative expression levels are different.
11003705|WBSCR1 corresponds to eukaryotic initiation factor 4H, identified in rabbit, and is herein found to be constitutively expressed in both human and mouse, with two RNA and protein products formed (exon 5 is alternatively spliced).
11007769|"Goodpasture antigen-binding protein, the kinase that phosphorylates the goodpasture antigen, is an alternatively spliced variant implicated in autoimmune pathogenesis."
11007769|We show here that the pre-mRNA of GPBP is alternatively spliced in human tissues and that the most common transcript found encodes GPBPDelta26, a molecular isoform devoid of a 26-residue serine-rich motif.
11010966|KLK15 has three alternatively spliced forms and is primarily expressed in the thyroid gland and to a lower extent in the prostate, salivary, and adrenal glands and in the colon testis and kidney.
11015561|"Cloning and analysis of unique human glutaminase isoforms generated by tissue-specific alternative splicing."
11015561|Genomic Southern analysis as well as isolation and analysis of five glutaminase genomic clones suggested that all three hGA isoforms originate from the same locus and therefore represent mRNA species that are produced by tissue-specific alternative splicing of a single pre-mRNA.
11018256|In the current study, we report the complete organization of the human zo-2 gene (tjp-2), its alternative splicing, and its expression in normal and neoplastic tissues of several organ sites.
11031107|It contains four Alu sequences in its 3' UTR and an alternatively spliced MER20 sequence in its 5' UTR (exon 2).
11031107|Complex alternative splicing was detected for exon 4.
11060283|Evidence for alternative first exon splicing."
11060283|These forms differed in 5' sequences that resulted from the alternative use of the first three exons but had common downstream sequences.
11060283|In these genes, alternative first exon splicing resulted in the formation of predicted mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins.
11060283|Thus, this study demonstrates a remarkable heterogeneity within TRs, which, at least in part, results from evolutionary conserved genetic mechanisms employing alternative first exon splicing.
11063258|We have determined that the HIP1 gene comprises 32 exons spanning approximately 215 kb of genomic DNA and gives rise to two alternate splice forms termed HIP1-1 and HIP1-2.
11063691|Synthesis of the two unrelated proteins is resolved by alternative splicing.
11086157|"The open reading frame of the Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporter GLAST-1 is expressed in bone and a splice variant of this molecule is expressed in bone and brain."
11086157|We have also discovered a novel splice variant (GLAST-1a), lacking exon 3, expressed in rat bone and brain.
11110798|unc-32 gives rise via alternative splicing to at least six transcripts.
11121398|Another novel feature of epilysin is that exon 4 is alternatively spliced to a transcript that does not encode the N-terminal half of the catalytic domain.
11167023|"Alternative splicing in the human interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 (ILF3) gene."
11167023|We isolated several ilf3 transcripts from a melanoma cDNA library and two corresponding genomic fragments, and report alternative splicing and polyadenylation site selection in the human ILF3 gene.
11167023|We show the existence of an alternative splice site responsible for the sequence divergence in the 3' part of the transcripts.
11167023|Another alternative splicing event at a site between the two double-stranded RNA binding motifs leads to the additional presence in some cases of a four amino acids NVKQ peptide.
11172023|"Regulation of CD40 function by its isoforms generated through alternative splicing."
11172023|We demonstrate here the existence of multiple isoforms of CD40 mRNA generated by alternative splicing and show that their expression is regulated differentially in activated macrophages and dendritic cells.
11172023|Pre-CD40 RNA is spliced preferentially out to signal-transducible CD40 mRNA in the early stage of activation; half of the CD40 mRNA is replaced by the signal-nontransducible CD40 mRNAs in the later stages (24 h).
11172023|It would seem, therefore, that CD40 expression is controlled by posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation through alternative splicing.
11181066|"Genomic organization and tissue-specific expression of splice variants of mouse organic anion transporting polypeptide 2."
11181066|Cloning and analysis of mouse oatp2 gene indicates that these isoforms are alternatively spliced products from the same gene.
11181066|Northern-blot hybridization analysis using the exon 3-specific probes demonstrated that mouse oatp2 mRNA containing exon 3 sequence is expressed in heart and lung, whereas exon 1-, 2-, and 17-specific probes detected mRNA only in brain and liver.
11230508|"Alternative splicing of KCNQ2 potassium channel transcripts contributes to the functional diversity of M-currents."
11230508|The region of alternative splicing in the KCNQ2 potassium channel gene was determined by RNase protection analysis of KCNQ2 mRNA transcripts.
11230508|Systematic analysis of KCNQ2 alternative splice variant expression in rat superior cervical ganglia revealed multiple variant isoforms.
11230508|One class of KCNQ2 splice variants, those that contained exon 15a, was found to have significantly different kinetics to those of the other isoforms.
11230508|Deletion of exon 15a in these isoforms produced a reversion to the faster kinetics.
11230508|Comparison of the kinetic properties of the cloned channel splice variants with those of the native M-current suggests that alternative splicing of the KCNQ2 gene may contribute to the variation in M-current kinetics seen in vivo.
11255007|In prostate there are two fully processed transcripts one of which is a splice variant with a deletion in the region of the transmembrane domain of the protein.
11255018|We identified three SOX6 cDNAs that are generated by alternative splicing.
11263967|PAX4v was generated by alternative splicing lacking the exon 7, and containing intact paired and homeo domain followed by novel 35 amino acids.
11267657|This gene encodes a complex pattern of alternatively spliced SK1 transcripts widely expressed among mouse tissues.
11267657|Optional inclusion of exons 7 and 9, together with two alternate splice donor sites in exon 8, yields transcripts encoding eight variant C-terminal amino acid sequences for SK1.
11352569|mRNA expression of the three NDRG4 isoforms is regulated by alternative splicing and possibly by alternative promoter usage.
11423001|"Genomic organization and alternative splicing of the human and mouse RPTPrho genes."
11423001|The cloning of the mouse cDNA, identification of alternatively spliced exons, detection of an 8 kb 3'-UTR, and the genomic organization of human and mouse RPTPrho genes are described.
11423001|Alternatively spliced variants may result in different RPTPrho isoforms.
11431472|Adjacent sequences up to amino acid 387, encompassing differentially spliced sequences, the zinc finger module, and the SGAWFF motif of Rim1, did not significantly contribute to the strength or the specificity of Rab3 binding, whereas a point mutation within the helix (R33G) abolished binding.
11514586|"The BPAG1 locus: Alternative splicing produces multiple isoforms with distinct cytoskeletal linker domains, including predominant isoforms in neurons and muscles."
11526108|Alternative transcription start sites and alternative splice sites are used to generate a remarkable variety of mRNAs from the dNOS gene.
11526108|Alternative splicing affects both the 5'-untranslated region and the coding region of the dNOS primary transcript.
11526108|Most of the splicing alterations in the coding region of the gene lead to premature termination of the open reading frame.
11526108|As a result, none of the alternative transcripts encode an enzymatically active protein.
11585919|"claudin-18, a Novel Downstream Target Gene for the T/EBP/NKX2.1 Homeodomain Transcription Factor, Encodes Lung- and Stomach-Specific Isoforms through Alternative Splicing."
11585919|The claudin-18 gene has two promoters, each with its own unique exon 1 that is spliced to common exons 2 through 5.
11585919|Furthermore, the claudin-18 transcript has an alternative 12-bp insertion derived from the 5' end of intron 4, which produces a C-terminally truncated isoform in lung and stomach.
11690630|"The human intersectin genes and their spliced variants are differentially expressed."
11690630|Here, we have resolved the exon/intron structure of the ITSN2 gene to explain the genomic origin of its alternatively spliced transcripts.
11690630|Comparison of the two ITSN human genes shows a high level of conservation in their genomic organization, including the main alternative splicing events.
11700045|"Three functional isoforms of GAR-2, a Caenorhabditis elegans G-protein-linked acetylcholine receptor, are produced by alternative splicing."
11700045|The three GAR-2 isoforms, which differ only in the third intracellular loop, arise from alternative splicing.
11700045|Our results indicate that alternative splicing plays an important role in promoting molecular diversity of G-protein-linked acetylcholine receptors in C. elegans.
11707778|In addition, a splice variant (NG36G9a-SPI), which lacks exon 10, was found to be coexpressed together with the full-length NG36/G9a transcript in both human and mouse cells.
11738826|In Drosophila, the metl gene gives rise to two major isoforms by alternative splicing that are broadly expressed throughout development and found in the central nervous system in an overlapping pattern with Drosophila presenilin.
11750125|"Genomic structure, alternative splice forms and normal and mutant alleles of cadherin 23 (Cdh23)."
11750125|A Cdh23 transcript with a spliced exon 68 is the predominantly expressed isoform in the organ of Corti.
11751855|"Novel alternative splicings of BPAG1 (bullous pemphigoid antigen 1) including the domain structure closely related to MACF (microtubule actin cross-linking factor)."
11751968|For all the genes, alternative mRNA splicing variants were frequent among the clones obtained by RT-PCR.
11751968|Alternative splicing acts similarly in human and chimpanzee to produce the CD94B variant from the CD94 gene and the NKG2B variant from the NKG2A gene.
11842111|DNA transcripts are extremely heterogeneous as a result of alternative splicing and the usage of exon variants combined with at least two transcriptional start sites and 3'-terminal exons.
11842111|Nearly half of the transcripts contained exon variants that had premature stop codons incorporated.
11842111|Based on our analysis, over 2000 different mRNAs may be produced due to alternative splicing and usage of different 5' and 3' ends.
11845288|cytoskeletal linker protein with three known isoforms that arise by alternative splicing.
11880487|"Alternative splicing of the beta 4 subunit has alpha1 subunit subtype-specific effects on Ca2+ channel gating."
11880487|Four distinct beta subunit genes each encode five homologous sequence domains (D1-5), three of which (D1, D3, and D5) undergo alternative splicing.
11880487|We have isolated from human spinal cord a novel alternatively spliced beta4 subunit containing a short form of domain D1 (beta4a) that is highly homologous to N termini of Xenopus and rat beta3 subunits.
11929853|We show that rather than there being a single human muscleblind gene producing multiple proteins through alternative splicing, there are in fact three different muscleblind genes, MBNL, MBLL and MBXL, which map to chromosomes 3, 13 and X, respectively, and which show extensive alternative splicing.
12062816|In addition to a transcript encoding the predicted full-length protein of 382 amino acids, we identified two truncated cDNA forms produced via additional transcription start sites and alternative splicing.
12095677|The PanK1alpha transcript initiates at an alternate upstream site at exon 1alpha which is spliced with exon 2, excluding exon 1beta.
12132591|"Genomic organization and identification of a novel alternative splicing variant of mouse mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR2) gene."
12132591|In addition, we have identified a novel mRNA splicing variant lacking intron 14 resulting in a protein subunit with a shorter interface domain.
12140761|Four alternatively spliced full-length hrgr transcripts were isolated from normal human testes and liver libraries.
12163025|"Cloning of two new splice variants of Siglec-10 and mapping of the interaction between Siglec-10 and SHP-1."
12163025|Using a three-hybrid strategy in yeast, we have cloned a new splice variant of Siglec-10, called Siglec-10 Sv3.
12163025|This splice variant lacks part of exon 3, but keeps the reading frame, as well as the crucial regions for interaction with Sias and the motifs for intracellular signaling.
12163025|Moreover, cDNA of another new splicing form of Siglec-10, named Siglec-10 Sv4, was identified by RT-PCR.
12163025|One common characteristic of all Siglec-10 splice forms (except for Siglec-10 Sv2) is their cytoplasmic tail with two ITIMs and one CD150-like sequence.
12208140|"The bicistronic MOCS1 gene has alternative start codons on two mutually exclusive exons."
12208140|This revealed three different splice variants, including two mutually exclusive first exons and a facultative intron.
12527192|"Expression, alternative splicing and haplotype analysis of transcribed testis specific protein (TSPY) genes."
12527192|Expression studies have now identified two transcripts of variable length, termed TSPY-S and -L, which differ in their 3'-translated region due to alternative splicing, and in the quantitative level of transcripts, with TSPY-S being at least 3-4-fold more abundant.
12527192|As there are at least three intragenic positions differing between various TSPY genes and thus defining certain haplotypes, the alternatively spliced TSPY transcripts were analysed for their haplotypes in order to link them to well defined TSPY loci.
12527192|This excludes the corresponding TSPY-1 locus from alternative splicing.
12527192|Thus one might speculate that the alternative splicing could be influenced by elements binding to the promotor region.
12527895|"Cloning and characterization of human Src-like adaptor protein 2 and a novel splice isoform, SLAP-2-v."
12527895|Concurrent with the cloning of the full-length SLAP-2 cDNA, a unique cDNA encoding an alternatively spliced SLAP-2 isoform has been identified, and designated as SLAP-2-v.
12532266|Alignment of mouse and human Usp15 and Usp4 protein sequences suggested that Usp15/USP15 may be alternately spliced in a manner analogous to Usp4.
12532266|Sequence analysis of RT-PCR products from several human and mouse cell lines and tissues revealed alternate splicing in all cells studied.
12532266|Identification of the mouse Usp15 gene (>69.5 kb) and human USP15 gene (145 kb) sequences in genome databases reveals that both are composed of 22 exons with identical splice sites, and both have an exon/intron structure identical to the mouse Usp4 gene, including the alternately spliced exon.
12598616|We have also discovered that the ATPalpha transcripts undergo alternative splicing that substantially increases the diversity of potential proteins.
12659814|"Genomic organisation and alternative splicing of human RIM1, a gene implicated in autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (CORD7)( small star, filled )."
12659814|The transcript shows extensive alternative splicing involving exons 17, 21-26 and 28-30.
12754510|Distinctive splice variants were expressed in immune tissues and cells.
12761286|Here, we report the hematopoietic cell-specific splicing isoform (MysPDZbeta) in addition to the previously reported isoform (MysPDZalpha).
12761286|Combined with mouse genome sequence data, the overall genome structure and generation of the two spliced isoforms are deduced.
12761286|Studies of the subcellular localization of the two spliced isoforms indicated that MysPDZalpha containing the PDZ domain co-localizes with the ER-Golgi complex, while MysPDZbeta, which lacks the PDZ domain, localizes diffusely in the cytoplasm.
12761286|The PDZ-containing spliced isoform (MysPDZalpha) is not expressed in bone marrow hematopoietic cells, whereas MysPDZbeta lacking the PDZ is specifically expressed in most hematopoietic cells.
12812753|Recombinantly expressed protein fragments of the alternatively spliced isoforms were presented in choice assays on patterned substrates to neurites and migrating neurons from hippocampal CA3 region explant cultures.
12812753|The smaller splice variant inhibited neurite outgrowth or cell migration, whereas the longer splice form did not inhibit these functions.
12812753|These observations suggest that the novel tenascin family member mediates specific repulsive properties on neurites and neurons by generating splice isoforms.